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Biology 2 Lecture > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

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1
Q

populations

A

individuals of same species and in same area at same time

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2
Q

typological thinking

A

higher being created type and types doesn’t change

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3
Q

what type of ideologies does typological thinking fall under

A

religious

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4
Q

what two people followed the concept of typological thinking

A

Plato and Aristotle

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5
Q

Lamarckian evolution

A

species are not static but change throughout time and individuals can change

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6
Q

what aspect of Lamarckian evolution is false

A

individuals can change; as an individual develops so does their phenotype in response to challenges in environment and passes changes to offspring

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7
Q

what is an example of Lamarckian evolution

A

giraffes develop long necks as they stretch to eat and produce offspring with longer necks (FALSE)

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8
Q

Darwinian evolution

A

populations can change

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9
Q

how did Darwinian evolution differ from Lamarckian

A

Darwin described that traits vary among individuals in population and individuals with certain traits leave more offspring than others

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10
Q

population thinking

A

variation among individuals

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11
Q

what are the basic concepts of Darwinian evolution

A
  • species change through time
  • population thinking
  • mechanism could account for change and make predictions
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12
Q

how did Darwin describe evolution

A

descent with modification

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13
Q

what are the 2 types of evidence to support the predictions about nature of species

A
  1. species change through time
  2. species are related by a common ancestor
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14
Q

what was the conclusion after scientist discovered that there were different species in different layers of rock

A

extinction

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15
Q

are evolutionary transitions goal oriented

A

no

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16
Q

what was the “idea of succession”

A

extinct forms and living forms were related

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17
Q

what is an example of transitional feature

A

gradual change over time from aquatic animals with fins to terrestrial animals with limbs

18
Q

how could vestigial traits be explained via inheritance of aquired characteristics

A

some individuals must have lost traits during their lifetimes and passed reduced traits down to offspring

19
Q

what are the 3 levels of homology

A
  1. genetic
  2. developmental
  3. structural
20
Q

what are species living today descendants of

A

species that lived in the past

21
Q

why are DNA sequences of chimps and humans so similar

A

share a recent ancestor

22
Q

what kind of evidence would support hypothesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs

A

transitional fossil dinosaurs with feathers and share many homologous traits

23
Q

what were Darwins postulates

A
  1. variation in individual traits in a population
  2. some traits are inheritable
  3. survival and reproduction are variable
  4. subset of individuals that survive and reproduce is not random
24
Q

what is essential in a population for evolution to occur

A

variation

25
Q

how can you measure fitness

A

by comparing # of surviving offspring each individual produces

26
Q

is acclimatation heritable?

A

no, it is an adaptation

27
Q

George Russel Wallace

A
  • concurrent to Darwin
  • deferred to Darwin
28
Q

George Cuvier

A
  • geologist
  • different species in different layers of rock
  • extinction
29
Q

Thomas Malthus

A
  • human populations who growth increases when food is populous
  • how populations grow
30
Q

what is the tier of life

A

cells
tissues
organs
organisms—species (change thru time)
populations
communities
ecosystems
biomes
plant Earth

31
Q

what is fitness relative to

A

individuals environment and other organisms

32
Q

does natural selection change individuals

A

no, only the population changes

33
Q

is natural selection goal directed

A

no, mutations occur by chance NOT on purpose

34
Q

is evolution progressive

A

no

35
Q

does natural selection lead to perfection

A

no, fitness trade-offs exist

36
Q

what type of constraints are traits in

A
  1. historically- all traits evolve from previous traits
  2. environmentally- abiotic and biotic features
  3. generally- evolution of one trait can be constrained by another
37
Q

what unit of the biology hierarchy evolves

A

population

38
Q

how do you define fitness and adaptation a biological context

A
  • fitness is the ability to survive and reproduce successfully
  • adaptation is an inherited trait that helps to increase fitness
39
Q

what is the modern summary of natural selection

A

(1)Heritable variation leads to (2)differential reproductive success

40
Q

what are the 8 areas of evidence for evolution

A
  1. vastness of geological time
  2. extinction changes the species over time
  3. transitional features link older and younger species
  4. vestigial traits
  5. species can be observed changing
  6. similar species are found in same geographic area
  7. related species share homologies
  8. formation of new species from preexisting species can be observed
41
Q

explain the phrase “mutation proposes, selection disposes”

A
  • mutation allows for possible increase or decrease in fitness and natural selection disposes the individuals and traits that cause decreased fitness
  • mutations are the source of variation
42
Q

what are the other processes of evolution

A
  • natural selection
  • artificial selection
  • mutation
  • nonrandom mating
  • genetic drift
  • gene flow

Biology 2 Lecture (18 decks)

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