Chapter 22 Flashcards
populations
individuals of same species and in same area at same time
typological thinking
higher being created type and types doesn’t change
what type of ideologies does typological thinking fall under
religious
what two people followed the concept of typological thinking
Plato and Aristotle
Lamarckian evolution
species are not static but change throughout time and individuals can change
what aspect of Lamarckian evolution is false
individuals can change; as an individual develops so does their phenotype in response to challenges in environment and passes changes to offspring
what is an example of Lamarckian evolution
giraffes develop long necks as they stretch to eat and produce offspring with longer necks (FALSE)
Darwinian evolution
populations can change
how did Darwinian evolution differ from Lamarckian
Darwin described that traits vary among individuals in population and individuals with certain traits leave more offspring than others
population thinking
variation among individuals
what are the basic concepts of Darwinian evolution
- species change through time
- population thinking
- mechanism could account for change and make predictions
how did Darwin describe evolution
descent with modification
what are the 2 types of evidence to support the predictions about nature of species
- species change through time
- species are related by a common ancestor
what was the conclusion after scientist discovered that there were different species in different layers of rock
extinction
are evolutionary transitions goal oriented
no
what was the “idea of succession”
extinct forms and living forms were related
what is an example of transitional feature
gradual change over time from aquatic animals with fins to terrestrial animals with limbs
how could vestigial traits be explained via inheritance of aquired characteristics
some individuals must have lost traits during their lifetimes and passed reduced traits down to offspring
what are the 3 levels of homology
- genetic
- developmental
- structural
what are species living today descendants of
species that lived in the past
why are DNA sequences of chimps and humans so similar
share a recent ancestor
what kind of evidence would support hypothesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs
transitional fossil dinosaurs with feathers and share many homologous traits
what were Darwins postulates
- variation in individual traits in a population
- some traits are inheritable
- survival and reproduction are variable
- subset of individuals that survive and reproduce is not random
what is essential in a population for evolution to occur
variation
how can you measure fitness
by comparing # of surviving offspring each individual produces
is acclimatation heritable?
no, it is an adaptation
George Russel Wallace
- concurrent to Darwin
- deferred to Darwin
George Cuvier
- geologist
- different species in different layers of rock
- extinction
Thomas Malthus
- human populations who growth increases when food is populous
- how populations grow
what is the tier of life
cells
tissues
organs
organisms—species (change thru time)
populations
communities
ecosystems
biomes
plant Earth
what is fitness relative to
individuals environment and other organisms
does natural selection change individuals
no, only the population changes
is natural selection goal directed
no, mutations occur by chance NOT on purpose
is evolution progressive
no
does natural selection lead to perfection
no, fitness trade-offs exist
what type of constraints are traits in
- historically- all traits evolve from previous traits
- environmentally- abiotic and biotic features
- generally- evolution of one trait can be constrained by another
what unit of the biology hierarchy evolves
population
how do you define fitness and adaptation a biological context
- fitness is the ability to survive and reproduce successfully
- adaptation is an inherited trait that helps to increase fitness
what is the modern summary of natural selection
(1)Heritable variation leads to (2)differential reproductive success
what are the 8 areas of evidence for evolution
- vastness of geological time
- extinction changes the species over time
- transitional features link older and younger species
- vestigial traits
- species can be observed changing
- similar species are found in same geographic area
- related species share homologies
- formation of new species from preexisting species can be observed
explain the phrase “mutation proposes, selection disposes”
- mutation allows for possible increase or decrease in fitness and natural selection disposes the individuals and traits that cause decreased fitness
- mutations are the source of variation
what are the other processes of evolution
- natural selection
- artificial selection
- mutation
- nonrandom mating
- genetic drift
- gene flow
