Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 2 Lecture > Chapter 52 (exam 4) > Flashcards

Chapter 52 (exam 4) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

commensalism

A

when one species benifits but other is unaffected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

competition

A

indviduals compete for the same resources, so both lower each others fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

consumption

A

one organisms eats or absorbs nutrietns from another, increases consumers fitness but decreases victims fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

mutualism

A

when two species interact that benefits both species fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

intraspecific competition

A

competition that occurs between members of same species
- factor in density dependent growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

interspecific competition

A

when individuals from different species compete for or use the same resources
- direct or indirect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

niche

A

range of resources that species is able to use or range of conditions it can tolerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what happens when niches of two species overlap

A

interspecific competition occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the competitive exclusion principle

A

idea that two species cannot coexist in the same ecological niche in the same area cause one species will outcompete the other species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what happens when niches partially overlap?

A

individuals who use joint resources have the disadvantage relative to those that use other resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fundamental niche

A

total theoretical range of environmental conditions a species can tolerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

realized niche

A

portion of fundamental niche that species actually occupies given limiting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

niche differentiation

A

evolutionary change in resource use caused by competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the difference between endoparasite and ectoparasite

A

an endoparasite consumes nutrients from inside its host, while an ectoparasite consumes nutrients outside its host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does a parasitoid act as a consumption

A

it lays its eggs inside or on the body of its host where the eggs will hatch and kill the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a coevolutionary arms race

A

series of adapatations observed in species that interact closely over time and affect each other’s fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

constitutive defenses

A

defensive trait that is present even in the absence of consumers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are they types of constitutive defenses

A
  • cryptic coloration
  • escape behavior
  • toxins
  • schooling/flocking
  • armor/weapons
19
Q

what is it called when a species has evolved to look or sound like another species

A

mimicry

20
Q

what is the difference between Batesian and Mullerian mimicry

A

Batesian look dangerous but are not dangerous, Mullerian look dangerous and are dangerous

21
Q

what are inducible defenses and why do they need to be used?

A

These are the physical, chemical, or behavioral defensive traits that are induced in response to a predator.
- have to be used cause constitutive defenses take a lot of energy to use

22
Q

what type of defense is favored by natural selection

A

inducible

23
Q

what is the main thing parasites have to able to do in order to thrive due to their small size

A

be transmitted to new hosts

24
Q

what are the four key attributes of a community structure

A
  1. total number of species
  2. relative abundance and distribution of those species
  3. sum of interactions among all species
  4. physical attributes of the community
25
Q

what are the two main methods of quantifying number of species in a community

A
  1. species richness: count how many species present in a given community
  2. species diversity: measure that incorporates both number of species and relative abundance
26
Q

how do trophic levels work of a food web

A

producers are on “bottom” and consumers are on “top”

27
Q

keystone species

A

species that has a very large impact on the other species in its ecosystem relative to its abundance

28
Q

bottom-up influences on community structure

A
  • when the amount of nutrients, sunlight, water, and other abiotic factors determine abundance of primary producers
  • presence of species at “bottom” of food web
29
Q

top-down influences on community structure

A
  • when consumer limits a prey population
30
Q

how does a trophic cascade occur

A

when changes in top-down control cause conspicuous effects two or three links away in a food web
- example= overfishing of sharks

31
Q

what is a climax community

A

the stable, final community that develops from ecological succession and does not change over time

32
Q

disturbance

A

any strong, short lived disruption to a community that changes the distribution of living and nonliving resources

33
Q

what are the three factors of the function of disturbance

A
  1. type
  2. frequency
  3. severity
34
Q

what is a community’s disturbance called

A

disturbance regime

35
Q

what is the difference between resistance and resilience

A

Resistance is how much a community experiences an amount of change while resilience is how a community recovers after a disturbance

36
Q

what are the two types of succession (recovery after organism are removed from a disturbance)

A
  1. primary: disturbance removes soil and its organisms along with the organisms above soil
  2. secondary: removes some/all organisms but leaves soil intact
37
Q

which type of succession is more rapid

A

secondary because the soil is already present. In primary, the soil has been ripped away so it must be rebuilt.

38
Q

what factors determine the pattern and rate of species replacement during succession?

A
  1. particular traits involved
  2. how species interact
  3. historical and environmental circumstances
39
Q

During succession, existing species can have one of three effects on other species which are?

A
  1. facilitation: presence of early species makes conditions more favorable for arrival of later species
  2. tolerance: existing species do not affect probability that other species will become established
  3. inhibition: presence of one species inhibits the establishment or regrowth of another
40
Q

how does weather have an effect on succession

A

variation in weather and climate causes different successional pathways to occur in sample place at different times

41
Q

where should the most species-rich reserves be located

A
  1. relatively large areas
  2. located close to other relatively large habitat areas
42
Q

what animals species diversity decline as latitude increases

A

birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, many aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, and trees

43
Q

what are the four broad categories for the hypothesis to explain the latitude diversity gradient

A
  1. abiotic: spatial hypotheses
  2. abiotic: energy hypotheses
  3. biotic: ecological interactions hypotheses
  4. biotic: evolutionary history hypotheses

Biology 2 Lecture (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions