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Biology 2 Lecture > Biodiversity Week 1 > Flashcards

Biodiversity Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

biodiversity

A

biological diversity

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2
Q

genetic diversity

A

total genetic information contained within all individuals of a population, species, or group of species

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3
Q

what is genetic diversity measured as

A

number and relative frequencies of all genes present in sample

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4
Q

genome sequencing

A

sequences entire genome of multiple members of same species

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5
Q

environmental sequencing

A

sequences all/most of environmental DNA present in a sample taken from soil or water present in habitat

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6
Q

what are the types of diversity

A

genetic
species
ecosystem

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7
Q

what are the two processes to understand genetic diversity

A

genome sequencing
environmental sequencing

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8
Q

what are the measures of diversity

A
  • richness
  • evenness
  • number
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9
Q

how is species diversity quantified

A
  1. species richness
  2. species diversity
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10
Q

species richness

A

count how many species are present in a defined area

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11
Q

species diversity

A

weighted measure that incorporates both species richness and evenness

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12
Q

evenness

A

relative abundance of each species present

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13
Q

for a given species richness, when is species diversity high

A

if evenness is high
- all species have comparable abundance

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14
Q

what is the new technique for identifying species

A

DNA barcoding
- use of well characterized gene sequences to distinguish species

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15
Q

phylogenetic diversity

A

measure evolutionary distinctiveness among species in a community (phylogenetic tree)

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16
Q

functional diversity

A

measure of diversity in ecosystems based on variety of functional traits present
example= keystone predators

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17
Q

ecosystem diversity

A

structural and functional variety of biotic components in a region with abiotic components
- measure of these complex factors with abiotic environment

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18
Q

what is the most difficult level of biodiversity to measure and why?

A

ecosystem diversity because the complexity is so vast

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19
Q

ecosystem function

A

sum of biological and chemical processes that are characteristic of a given ecosystem
- intertwined with concept ecosystem

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20
Q

how do ecosystem functions emerge

A

sum of feeding, growing, moving, respiring, excreting, and decomposing processes of interacting member organisms

21
Q

are the three level of biodiversity independent of one another

A

no

22
Q

what is the estimated amount of species today

A

1.5 million

23
Q

taxon specific surveys

A

conduct intensive search for a specific taxon in a well-defined area

24
Q

all taxa surveys

A

attempt to find and catalog all the species present in an area

25
Q

what is one of the most common strategies to map global biodiversity data q

A

divide world’s land area into a grid of parcels and plot number of species that occurs in each parcel

26
Q

what are some of the trends found in different taxonomic groups

A
  • most prominent pattern corresponds to latitude
  • biodiversity is higher on land than sea
  • areas with greater geographical variation have higher biodiversity
27
Q

what variables are being studied to see metrics of diversity map out

A
  • number of endemic species
  • phylogenetic diversity
  • functional diversity
28
Q

endemic species

A

species that are found in a particular area and nowhere else

29
Q

biodiversity hotspot

A

region that is especially rich in species and also highly threatened by human activities

30
Q

what are the two main criteria for the 35 hotspots identified

A
  1. contain at least 1500 endemic vascular plant species
  2. have lost at least 70% of primary vegetation
31
Q

what does biodiversity increase

A

productivity
- source of chemical energy

32
Q

resistance

A

measure of the extent to which a community remains unchanged during a disturbance

33
Q

resilience

A

measure of how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance

34
Q

what happens to resilience of species-rich areas following a disturbance

A

usually more resistance

35
Q

what are the benefits of biodiversity

A
  • increased productivity
  • increased resistance
  • increased resilience
36
Q

ecosystem services

A

all the benefits that humans derive, directly or indirectly, from ecosystem functions

37
Q

what are some of the services nature provides

A
  • provisioning
  • regulating
  • cultural
  • supporting
38
Q

provisioning services

A

wild species that have provided the raw material to fuel development of human societies

39
Q

what is an example of provisioning services

A
  • food
  • fuel
  • medicines
40
Q

bioprospecting

A

effort to find commercially useful compounds by studying organisms

41
Q

regulating services

A

services provided by functioning ecosystems

42
Q

example of regulating services

A
  • soil formation
  • flood control
43
Q

cultural services

A
  • ways people integrate nature into their lives and cultural ways
44
Q

examples of cultural services

A
  • artistic celebrations
  • spiritual contemplation
  • recreation
45
Q

supporting services

A

support all other categories of services
- primary productivity

46
Q

examples of supporting services

A
  • primary productivity
  • pollination
  • pest control
47
Q

increase species diversity does what to resistance

A

increases

48
Q

normative

A

conservation biology

49
Q

what are the mathematical ways to quantify diversity

A
  • Shannon index
  • simpson index

Biology 2 Lecture (18 decks)

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