Biodiversity Week 2 Part 1 Flashcards
why are most cells making ATP all the time
because it is unstable and is not stored
how do cells obtain glucose
Photosynthetic organisms that produce glucose are eaten or decompose, giving glucose molecules to those who obtained the photosynthetic organism
what are storage carbs
- starch
- glycogen
- act like savings account for chemical energy
how do you withdrawal chemical energy from the “accounts”
- storage carbs are first hydrolyzed into glucose monomers
- glucose then produced through two processes
what are the two pathways to produce ATP
- cellular respiration
- fermentation
what happens when glucose undergoes the uncontrolled oxidation reaction
much of the potential energy stored in chemical bonds is converted to kinetic energy in form of heat and light
what is the cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Heat and light
how is glucose oxidized in cells
through controlled redox reactions
how is the energy stored in glucose as heat released
much of it is used to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi
How do fermentation and cellular respiration differ
- cellular respiration results in complete oxidation of carbons in glucose to CO2
- fermentation does not fully oxidize glucose
which process is better at harvesting more energy from glucose
cellular respiration
what are the four processes that convert chemical energy in glucose to chemically energy in ATP
- glycolysis
- pyruvate processing
- citric acid cycle
- electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
glycolysis
- one six carbon molecule of glucose broken into two molecules of three carbon pyruvate
- ATP is produced from ADP and Pi
- NAD+ reduced to form NADH
NAD+
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
pyruvate processing
- each pyruvate release one molecule of CO2
- remaining two carbons used to form acetyl CoA
- oxidation of pyruvate results in more NAD+ reduced to NADH
citric acid cycle
- two carbons for each acetyl CoA are oxidized to two molecules of CO2
- more ATP and NADH produced
- FAD reduced to form FADH2
FAD
flavin adenine dinucleotide
electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
- electrons produced from NADH and FADH2 move through series of electron carriers (ETC)
- energy obtained from this redox reaction is used to create protein gradient across membrane
ETC
electron transport chain
oxidative phosphorylation
production of ATP molecules by ATP synthase using protein gradient
cellular respiration
any set of reaction that use electrons harvested from high energy molecules to produce ATP via an electron transport chain
catabolic pathways
set of reactions that break down molecules
- harvest stored chemical energy to produce ATP
anabolic pathways
set of reactions that synthesize larger molecules from smaller components
- use energy in form of ATP
homeostasis
regulating key reactions in catabolic and anabolic pathways so cell is able to maintain internal enviroment even under different environmental conditions
how does variation occur
- gene transfer
- morphology
- metabolism
what are the three ways gene transfer occurs
- transformation: bacteria or archaea naturally take up DNA from environment
- transduction: viruses pick up DNA from one prokaryotic cell & transfer to another cell
- conjugation: transferred by direct cell-to-cell contact
what is conjugation followed by
plasmid transfer
what can also result from conjugation
genetic recombination
- plasmid that becomes integrated into main bacterial chromosome is copied & transferred
what are the two highlights about bacterial “sex”
- one way transfer of genetic material
- transfer is limited to a plasmid or small portion of genes in main chromosome
bacteria size, shape, and motility
- size: range in size from small to large
- shape and arrangement: filaments, spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), spirals. Arranged in chains usually
- motility: motile, swimming movements caused by rotating flagella that spin like a propeller (gliding or tumble)
what is the main difference of the composition of the plasma membrane and cell wall of bacteria
have unique compound called peptidoglycan in their cell walls
how do biologists distinguish between two general types of cell wall
gram staining
what colors do gram negative and positive show
gram negative= pink
gram positive= blue
gram positive
- plasma membrane surrounded by cell wall with extensive peptidoglycan
- no outer phospholipid layer
gram negative
- have plasma membrane surrounded by cell wall that has thin layer containing peptidoglycan and outer phospholipid bilayer
what two fundamental Nutrional needs does every organism need
- acquiring chemical energy that can be used to make ATP
- obtaining molecules with carbon-carbon bonds
what three ways do bacteria and archaea acquire energy to produce ATP
- phototrophs: use light energy to excite electrons
- chemoorganotrophs: oxidize organic molecules with high potential energy
- chemolithotrophs: oxidize inorganic molecules with high potential energy
how do bacteria obtain their carbon-carbon bonds
- autotrophs: synthesize their own compounds
- heterotrophs: absorb ready to use organic compounds produced by other organisms
where is the ETC located in bacteria and archaea
plasma membrane
what are prokaryotes that can use almost any compound with high potential energy
electron donor
what are prokaryotes that can use almost any compound with low potential energy
electron acceptor
what does fermentation not require
ETC
photophosphorylation
production of ATP by ATP synthase using proton motive force generated by
1. light excited electrons flow through ETC
2. absorbed light energy to pump protons across plasma membrane
use water as source of electrons complete
oxygenic photosynthesis
use other molecule than water as source of electrons complete
anoxygenic photosynthesis
methanotrophs
use methane as carbon source
methanogens
produce methane as by-product of cellular respiration
nitrogen fixation
incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia which can be used to make many organic compounds
what were the first organisms to preform oxygenic photosynthesis
cyanobacteria
- responsible for fundamental change in atmosphere
nitrogen cycle
movement of nitrogen among abiotic and biotic reservoirs in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
- bacteria and archaea are responsible for driving this
