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Biology 2 Lecture > Biodiversity Week 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

Biodiversity Week 2 Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

why are most cells making ATP all the time

A

because it is unstable and is not stored

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2
Q

how do cells obtain glucose

A

Photosynthetic organisms that produce glucose are eaten or decompose, giving glucose molecules to those who obtained the photosynthetic organism

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3
Q

what are storage carbs

A
  • starch
  • glycogen
  • act like savings account for chemical energy
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4
Q

how do you withdrawal chemical energy from the “accounts”

A
  • storage carbs are first hydrolyzed into glucose monomers
  • glucose then produced through two processes
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5
Q

what are the two pathways to produce ATP

A
  • cellular respiration
  • fermentation
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6
Q

what happens when glucose undergoes the uncontrolled oxidation reaction

A

much of the potential energy stored in chemical bonds is converted to kinetic energy in form of heat and light

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7
Q

what is the cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Heat and light

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8
Q

how is glucose oxidized in cells

A

through controlled redox reactions

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9
Q

how is the energy stored in glucose as heat released

A

much of it is used to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi

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10
Q

How do fermentation and cellular respiration differ

A
  • cellular respiration results in complete oxidation of carbons in glucose to CO2
  • fermentation does not fully oxidize glucose
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11
Q

which process is better at harvesting more energy from glucose

A

cellular respiration

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12
Q

what are the four processes that convert chemical energy in glucose to chemically energy in ATP

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate processing
  3. citric acid cycle
  4. electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
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13
Q

glycolysis

A
  • one six carbon molecule of glucose broken into two molecules of three carbon pyruvate
  • ATP is produced from ADP and Pi
  • NAD+ reduced to form NADH
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14
Q

NAD+

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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15
Q

pyruvate processing

A
  • each pyruvate release one molecule of CO2
  • remaining two carbons used to form acetyl CoA
  • oxidation of pyruvate results in more NAD+ reduced to NADH
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16
Q

citric acid cycle

A
  • two carbons for each acetyl CoA are oxidized to two molecules of CO2
  • more ATP and NADH produced
  • FAD reduced to form FADH2
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17
Q

FAD

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide

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18
Q

electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • electrons produced from NADH and FADH2 move through series of electron carriers (ETC)
  • energy obtained from this redox reaction is used to create protein gradient across membrane
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19
Q

ETC

A

electron transport chain

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20
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

production of ATP molecules by ATP synthase using protein gradient

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21
Q

cellular respiration

A

any set of reaction that use electrons harvested from high energy molecules to produce ATP via an electron transport chain

22
Q

catabolic pathways

A

set of reactions that break down molecules
- harvest stored chemical energy to produce ATP

23
Q

anabolic pathways

A

set of reactions that synthesize larger molecules from smaller components
- use energy in form of ATP

24
Q

homeostasis

A

regulating key reactions in catabolic and anabolic pathways so cell is able to maintain internal enviroment even under different environmental conditions

25
Q

how does variation occur

A
  1. gene transfer
  2. morphology
  3. metabolism
26
Q

what are the three ways gene transfer occurs

A
  1. transformation: bacteria or archaea naturally take up DNA from environment
  2. transduction: viruses pick up DNA from one prokaryotic cell & transfer to another cell
  3. conjugation: transferred by direct cell-to-cell contact
27
Q

what is conjugation followed by

A

plasmid transfer

28
Q

what can also result from conjugation

A

genetic recombination
- plasmid that becomes integrated into main bacterial chromosome is copied & transferred

29
Q

what are the two highlights about bacterial “sex”

A
  1. one way transfer of genetic material
  2. transfer is limited to a plasmid or small portion of genes in main chromosome
30
Q

bacteria size, shape, and motility

A
  • size: range in size from small to large
  • shape and arrangement: filaments, spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), spirals. Arranged in chains usually
  • motility: motile, swimming movements caused by rotating flagella that spin like a propeller (gliding or tumble)
31
Q

what is the main difference of the composition of the plasma membrane and cell wall of bacteria

A

have unique compound called peptidoglycan in their cell walls

32
Q

how do biologists distinguish between two general types of cell wall

A

gram staining

33
Q

what colors do gram negative and positive show

A

gram negative= pink
gram positive= blue

34
Q

gram positive

A
  • plasma membrane surrounded by cell wall with extensive peptidoglycan
  • no outer phospholipid layer
35
Q

gram negative

A
  • have plasma membrane surrounded by cell wall that has thin layer containing peptidoglycan and outer phospholipid bilayer
36
Q

what two fundamental Nutrional needs does every organism need

A
  • acquiring chemical energy that can be used to make ATP
  • obtaining molecules with carbon-carbon bonds
37
Q

what three ways do bacteria and archaea acquire energy to produce ATP

A
  1. phototrophs: use light energy to excite electrons
  2. chemoorganotrophs: oxidize organic molecules with high potential energy
  3. chemolithotrophs: oxidize inorganic molecules with high potential energy
38
Q

how do bacteria obtain their carbon-carbon bonds

A
  1. autotrophs: synthesize their own compounds
  2. heterotrophs: absorb ready to use organic compounds produced by other organisms
39
Q

where is the ETC located in bacteria and archaea

A

plasma membrane

40
Q

what are prokaryotes that can use almost any compound with high potential energy

A

electron donor

41
Q

what are prokaryotes that can use almost any compound with low potential energy

A

electron acceptor

42
Q

what does fermentation not require

A

ETC

43
Q

photophosphorylation

A

production of ATP by ATP synthase using proton motive force generated by
1. light excited electrons flow through ETC
2. absorbed light energy to pump protons across plasma membrane

44
Q

use water as source of electrons complete

A

oxygenic photosynthesis

45
Q

use other molecule than water as source of electrons complete

A

anoxygenic photosynthesis

46
Q

methanotrophs

A

use methane as carbon source

47
Q

methanogens

A

produce methane as by-product of cellular respiration

48
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia which can be used to make many organic compounds

48
Q

what were the first organisms to preform oxygenic photosynthesis

A

cyanobacteria
- responsible for fundamental change in atmosphere

49
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

movement of nitrogen among abiotic and biotic reservoirs in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
- bacteria and archaea are responsible for driving this

Biology 2 Lecture (18 decks)

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