Chapter 23 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

population genetics

A

investigative processes that cause changes in allele and genotype frequencies in populations

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2
Q

gene pool

A

all the alleles of all the genes in a certain population

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3
Q

inbreeding

A

mating between closely related individuals

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4
Q

deleterious allele

A

alleles that decrease fitness

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5
Q

inbreeding depression

A

decline in average fitness that may take place when homozygosity increases and heterozygosity decreases in a population

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6
Q

sexual selection

A

favors individuals with traits that increase their ability to obtain mates

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7
Q

ecological selection

A

favors individuals with heritable traits that enhance their ability to survive and reproduce in certain physical and/or biological environment, excluding ability to obtain a mate

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8
Q

genetic variation

A

number and relative frequency of alleles that are present in a particular population

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9
Q

purifying selection

A

decreases frequency of, or even eliminates, deleterious alleles

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10
Q

intersexual selection

A

between species, one sex is selecting the other sex for mating

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11
Q

intrasexual selection

A

within a sex, competing among members of the same sex for mating

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12
Q

territory

A

actively defended area where owner has exclusive or close to exclusive use

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13
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

any trait that differs between male and female
- make and female usually look different

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14
Q

sexual polymorphism

A

any trait that occurs in 2 or more forms among females and males in population

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15
Q

genetic drift

A

change in allele frequencies in a population that is due to chance

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16
Q

sampling error

A

selection of a nonrepresentative sample from some larger population, due to chance

17
Q

founder effect

A

change in allele frequencies that occurs when a new population is established from a small group of individuals due to sampling error

18
Q

bottleneck effect

A

if large population experiences sudden reduction in size

19
Q

genetic bottleneck

A

sudden reduction in diversity of alleles in population resulting from sudden decrease in size of population

20
Q

gene flow

A

movement of alleles between populations

21
Q

point mutation

A

change in a single base pair

22
Q

chromosome level mutation

A

change in number or composition of chromosomes

23
Q

lateral gene transfer

A

transfer of genetic information from one species to another, rather than from parent to offspring

24
Q

beneficial allele

A

allele from a mutation that allows individual to produce more offspring increase fitness

25
Q

neutral allele

A

allele from a mutation that has no effect on fitness

26
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

genotype frequencies in large population do not change from generation to generation in absence of evolutionary process and nonrandom mating

27
Q

what do the quantities mean for Hardy-Weinberg

A

p= frequency of A alleles
q= frequency of “a” alleles in same gene pool

28
Q

directional selection

A
  • average phenotype of population changes in 1 direction
  • shift
  • tends to decrease genetic diversity
29
Q

stabilizing selection

A

genetic variation in population is reduced but there is no change in average value of a trait over time

30
Q

disruptive selection

A
  • eliminates phenotypes near average value
  • favors extreme phenotypes
  • overall genetic variation is increased
  • can play a role in speciation
31
Q

balancing selection

A
  • no phenotype has distinct advantage
  • heterozygous advantage
  • frequency dependent selection
32
Q

heterozygous advantage

A

heterozygous individuals have increased fitness than homozygous

33
Q

frequency dependent selection

A

certain alleles are favored when they are rare, but not when they are common