Chapter 51 (exam 4)

Question 1

what two factors determine range

Answer 1

1. abiotic factors
2. biotic factors

Question 2

population density

Answer 2

number of individuals per unit area

Question 3

what are the different arrangement of patterns within populations

Answer 3

1. random
2. clumped
3. uniform

Question 4

random

Answer 4

position of each individual is independent of the others

Question 5

clumped

Answer 5

organisms associate in social groups or quality of habitat is patchy

Question 6

uniform

Answer 6

negative interactions occur among individuals (competition)

Question 7

metapopulation

Answer 7

population made up of many small, physically isolated populations connect by dispersal

Question 8

the number of individuals present in a population depends on what four processes

Answer 8

• birth
• death
• immigration
• emigration

Question 9

what is the difference between immigration and emigration

Answer 9

immigration is when individuals enter a population from another population while emigration is when individuals leave a population to join another

Question 10

what is a life table

Answer 10

summarizes probability that an individual will survive and reproduce in any given time interval over course of its lifetime

Question 11

what are the types of survivorship curves

Answer 11

• type 1: survivorship high thru life and drops drastically in old age
• type 2: have same probability of dying in each year of life
• type 3: extremely high death rates

Question 12

fecundity

Answer 12

number of female offspring produced by each female in the population

Question 13

what does net reproductive rate indicate

Answer 13

whether the population is increasing or decreasing

Question 14

how to find populations overall growth

Answer 14

change in population size (deltaN)/per unit time (deltat)

Question 15

exponential growth

Answer 15

• no immigration or emigration is occurring
• per capita growth rate is constant and density independent
• accelerating increase in size of population

Question 16

per rate capita of increase (r)

Answer 16

difference between the birth rate and death rate per individual

Question 17

birth>death then

Answer 17

r>0
- population growing

Question 18

birth<death then

Answer 18

r<0
- population declining

Question 19

r=0

Answer 19

population size does not change

Question 20

intrinsic rate of increase

Answer 20

• rate of increase of a pop. when conditions are ideal
• birth rates as high as possible
• death rates as low as possible

Question 21

what do the graphs of exponential growth usually look like

Answer 21

J shaped

Question 22

exponential growth is…

Answer 22

density independent
- pop. size does not limit growth

Question 23

what are the two types of circumstances in exponential growth

Answer 23

1. colonization of new habitat
2. recovery after a disaster

Question 24

density dependent

Answer 24

referring to any characteristic that varies depending on population density

Question 25

carrying capacity (K)

Answer 25

maximum number of individuals in a population that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time

Question 26

will population grow if N is below K

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

Logisitic growth equation

Answer 27

dN/dt=rN|K-N/K|

Question 28

as a population approaches a habitat’s carrying capacity what happens to growth

Answer 28

predicted to slow

Question 29

Logisitic population growth

Answer 29

• decrease in growth as a pop. size approaches the carrying capacity
• density dependent

Question 30

what kind of shape does logistic growth represent

Answer 30

S shaped

Question 31

what two types of factors regulate pop. sizes

Answer 31

1. density independent factors (usually changes in abiotic environment)
2. density dependent factors (usually biotic)

Question 32

density dependent factors

Answer 32

limit pop. size
- competition for resources
- disease and parasitism
- predation
- toxic wastes
- social behavior

Question 33

intraspecific

Answer 33

within species interactions

Question 34

interspecific

Answer 34

between species interactions

Question 35

what does age structure drastically impact

Answer 35

influences the population’s growth over time

Question 36

replacement rate

Answer 36

average fertility required for each women to produce exactly enough offspring to replace herself and offsprings father