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Biology 2 Lecture > Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

microevolution

A

evolution observed at the population level

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2
Q

macroevolution

A

evolution over a very long period of time

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3
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of a group of organisms

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4
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

simplified diagram of evolutionary history of group of organism

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5
Q

systematics

A

discipline of biology that characterizes and classifies relationships among organisms and builds tree of life

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6
Q

taxa

A

named group of organisms at any level of classification system

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7
Q

how do phylogenetic trees answer the question of taxonomy

A

help describe, name, and classify species

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8
Q

branch

A

line representing a species or other taxon through time

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9
Q

root

A

most ancestral branch in tree

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10
Q

tip

A

endpoint of branch
- represents living or extinct species

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11
Q

outgroup

A

taxon that diverged before taxa you are trying to classify

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12
Q

node

A

point within tree where branch splits into two or more branches
- represents the most recent common ancestor

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13
Q

polytomy

A

node that depicts ancestral branch dividing into three or more descendant branches

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14
Q

sister groups

A

two lineages that are each other’s closest relatives
- two descendants that split from same node and are each other’s closest relative

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15
Q

what does the number of nodes depends on

A

number of taxa that are included in a tree

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16
Q

trait

A

any heritable genetic, morphological, physiological, developmental, or behavioral characteristic that varies among taxa

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17
Q

what characters are used to build a phylogenetic tree

A
  • molecular characters (DNA)
  • morphological characters
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18
Q

data matrix

A

table the enables you to score character states of each taxon
- trait is (1)present or (2)absent

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19
Q

ancestral trait

A

character that existed in an ancestor

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20
Q

derived trait

A

modified form of ancestral trait
- found in descendant

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21
Q

how do derived traits originate

A

mutation
selection
genetic drift

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22
Q

synapomorphy

A

another name for shared derived traits in multiple taxa

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23
Q

monophyletic group

A

evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants

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24
Q

homology

A

similarity due to common ancestor
- same source

25
Q

homoplasy

A

occurred when traits evolved independently in two or more different lineages and are similar for reasons other than common ancestry
- same form

26
Q

parsimony

A

assumes that the most likely explanation or pattern is the one that requires the fewest steps
- count number of character state changes required to produce each pattern, lowest number of these is best

27
Q

evolutionary distance

A

more rapid evolutionary change may occur in some branches than others
- look at average frequency of character state changes between individual pairs of taxa

28
Q

maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis

A
  • mathematical models
  • popular with molecular data sets
  • precise estimates of evolutionary history
29
Q

what is a common cause of homoplasy

A

convergent evolution

30
Q

convergent evolution

A

independent evolution of similar traits in distantly related organisms due to adaptation to similar environments

31
Q

fossils

A

pieces of physical evidence from an organism that lived in the past

32
Q

what are the different types of fossils

A

intact
compression
cast
permineralized
trace

33
Q

intact fossil

A

forms when decomposition does not occur and organic remains preserved intact

34
Q

compression fossil

A

sediments accumulate on top of organism and become cemented into rocks

35
Q

permineralized fossils

A

organisms decompose extremely slow and dissolved minerals gradually infiltrate interior of cells and harden

35
Q

cast fossil

A

buried organism decomposes, leaving an empty cavity in sediments that fills with dissolved minerals and hardens to form a cast

36
Q

trace fossil

A

sedimentation and mineralization preserve indirect evidence of an organisms in the environment

37
Q

how do fossils form

A

organism must perish in an environment where they are buried rapidly and decomposed slowly

38
Q

what types of organisms are most likely to form fossils based on habitat bias

A

ones that live in a location where sediments are actively being deposited

39
Q

what types of organisms are most likely to form fossils based on taxonomic bias

A
  • those with hard parts of the body (bones or shell)
40
Q

what kind if fossils are much more common based on temporal bias

A

recent fossils compared to ancient fossils
- older a fossil is, longer it has been exposed to destructive forces

41
Q

what types of organisms leave fossils more often based on abundance bias

A

ones thar are abundant, widespread, and present on Earth for long periods of time

42
Q

how is the Earth’s history divided into

A

segments called eons, eras, periods, and epochs

43
Q

what tool do researches use to identify times on the fossil record

A

radiometric dating

44
Q

Anthropocene

A

reflect dramatic physical, chemical, and biological changes humans are causing on Earth

45
Q

adaptive radiation

A

single lineage rapidly produces many descendant species with a range of adaptative forms

46
Q

what are the three parts to adaptive radiation

A

monophyletic group
speciated rapidly
diversified ecologically into many niches

47
Q

niche

A

range of conditions that a species can tolerate and the range of resources that it can use

48
Q

what mechanisms can trigger adaptive radiations

A

extrinsic (external)
intrinsic (within)

49
Q

adaptative radiation of animals is called

A

Cambrian explosion
- rapid diversification of animal body types and lineages

50
Q

fauna

A

collection of animal species

51
Q

what are the potential causes of the Cambrian explosion

A

higher oxygen levels
rise of algae
evolution of predation
new niches gives rise to more new niches
new genes, new bodies of water

52
Q

mass extinction

A

rapid extinction of a large number of diverse species around the world

53
Q

what is the opposite of a mass extinction

A

adaptive radiation

54
Q

background extinction

A

refers to lower, average rate of extinction observed when mass extinction is not occurring

55
Q

what is “The Big Five”

A

five spikes denoting a large number of extinctions within a short time

56
Q

difference between background and mass extinctions

A
  • background occur when normal environmental change, emerging disease, predation pressure, or competition reduces certain populations to 0
  • mass result from extraordinary, sudden, and temporary changes in environment
57
Q

what are extinctions often followed by

A

adaptive radiations due to ecological opportunity

Biology 2 Lecture (18 decks)

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