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Biology 2 Lecture > Chapter 49 (exam 4) > Flashcards

Chapter 49 (exam 4) Flashcards

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1
Q

ecology

A

study of organisms interact with each other and their environment

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2
Q

what are the three parts of the definition of ecology

A
  1. study of distribution and abundance of organisms (biotic)
  2. factors that affect the distribution and abundance
  3. interactions between organisms and the transformation and flux of energy and matter
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3
Q

what are the 5 main levels ecologists work at

A
  1. organisms
  2. populations
  3. communities
  4. ecosystems
  5. biosphere
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4
Q

organismal ecology

A

how do individuals interact with each other and their physical environment
- morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptions that increase fitness

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5
Q

population ecology

A
  • how and why does population size change over space and time
  • focus on number and distribution in a pop. change over time
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6
Q

population

A

group of indv. of the same species that lives in the same area at same time

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7
Q

community ecology

A
  • how do species interact and what are the consequences
  • nature of interactions between species and the consequences of the interactions
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8
Q

biological community consists of what

A

populations of different species that interact with each other in a particular area

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9
Q

ecosystem ecology

A
  • how does energy flow
  • how does nutrients cycle thru the local environment
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10
Q

ecosystem

A

consist of all the organisms in a particular region along with nonliving components

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11
Q

abiotic

A

not living components
- physical and chemical

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12
Q

global ecology

A
  • how is biosphere affected by global changes in nutrient cycling and climate
  • look at human impacts on biosphere
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13
Q

biosphere

A

thin zine surrounding Earth where all life exists

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14
Q

what does conservation biology encompass

A
  • all five levels of ecological study
  • effort to sturdy, preserve, and restore genetic diversity
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15
Q

what is a niche a product of

A

abiotic and biotic factors

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16
Q

what is a particularly important factor in determining where organisms can live

A

temperature bc has a big impact on physiology

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17
Q

why are niche models used

A

useful for quantifying and simplifying complex ecological relationships

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18
Q

what are the different types of biotic and abiotic factors

A

present and past

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19
Q

what is a non native species called

A

exotic species

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20
Q

what is an invasive species

A

exotic species that, when introduced to a new area, spreads rapidly and competes with the native species

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21
Q

what is the difference between weather and climate

A

weather is short term atmospheric conditions while climate is long term weather conditions

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22
Q

what is the relationship between sunlight and energy when it comes to the earth

A

the more sunlight that hits an area of Earth, the more energy it will have

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23
Q

what is pattern of temperature and latitude

A

decreasing average temperature with increasing latitude

24
Q

what are Hadley cells

A

major cycle in global air circulation

25
Q

what happens when air heated by sunlight along equator expands

A

pressure is lowered and causes air to rise

26
Q

why does warm air hold so much moisture

A

warm water molecules tend to stay in vapor form

27
Q

as air rises above the equator, what happens to its temperature

A

it cools (produces rain)

28
Q

what happens to the air as it is heated along the equator

A
  • cooler air is pushed poleward
  • air mass has cooled, density increases and begins to sink
29
Q

when air sinks, what does it absorb

A

more and more solar radiation and begins to warm

30
Q

how many cells of moving air are encircling the globe

A

six

31
Q

Coriolis effect

A

tendency for moving air or water to be deflected from a straight path

32
Q

what is the Coriolis pattern in the northern and southern hemisphere

A

Northern: clockwise
Southern: counterclockwise

33
Q

why do seasons occur

A

bc Earth is tilted on its north to south axis by 23.5 degrees (incline)

34
Q

why is elevation important

A

bc temperature decreases as a function of altitude and impacts precipitation patterns

35
Q

what is an important factor of water that has an influence on temperature

A

has a high specific heat (large capacity for storing heat energy)

36
Q

where are warm and cold water delivered to

A
  • warm water to colder latitudes
  • cold water to warmer latitudes
37
Q

what are some biotic factors from organisms that affect climate

A
  • transpiration and evaporation
  • producing and absorbing greenhouse gases
  • burning of fossil fuels
38
Q

what are the distinctive abiotic conditions of terrestrial biomes

A
  • temperature
  • moisture
  • sunlight
  • wind
39
Q

temperature as factor of terrestrial biomes

A

critical bc enzymes make life possible and can only work at narrow range of temperatures

40
Q

moisture as factor of terrestrial biomes

A

required for life and organisms lose water to environment so need to replace it

41
Q

sunlight as factor of terrestrial biomes

A

required for photosynthesis

42
Q

wind as factor of terrestrial biomes

A

exacerbates the effects of temp and moisture and pushes around organisms

43
Q

the type of terrestrial biome that develops in a particular region is governed by…

A
  1. average annual temp and precipitation
  2. annual variation in temp and precipitation
44
Q

net primary productivity (NPP)

A

total amount of biomass generated by fixation of carbon per year minus amount that is oxidized during cellular respiration

45
Q

biomass

A

total mass of organisms

46
Q

what are the strategies that scientists use to study effect of climate change on biomes

A
  1. simulation studies
  2. observational studies
  3. historical studies
  4. experiments
47
Q

salinity

A
  • determined by proportion of solutes dissolved in water
  • major determinant of distribution of organisms in aquatic biomes
48
Q

how does water have an impact on light availability

A
  • water absorbs and scatters light so has an affect on wavelengths available to organisms
49
Q

littoral zone (lakes)

A

waters along the shore that are shallow enough for plants to root

50
Q

limnetic zone

A

offshore and has enough light to support photosynthesis but plants can’t take root

51
Q

turbidity

A

cloudiness of water

52
Q

why is water flow important

A

influences availability of oxygen, light, and nutrients

53
Q

coastal runoff

A
  • estuaries
  • water flows downhill and streams grow wider slower
  • nutrients sink to bottom
54
Q

ocean upwelling

A
  • nutrients brought up to surface by currents
  • nutrients recycled
55
Q

lake turnover

A

complete mixing up upper and lower layers of water at different temperatures

Biology 2 Lecture (18 decks)

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