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Biology 2 Lecture > chapter 10 (part of biodiversity) > Flashcards

chapter 10 (part of biodiversity) Flashcards

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1
Q

how is energy in sunlight transformed to chemical energy

A

by converting C=0 bonds in CO2 to the C-C and C-H bonds of carb

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

what is the main difference, when it comes to energy, in photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

photosynthesis is an energy demanding reaction and cellular respiration is an energy releasing reaction

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4
Q

what are the two sets of reactions

A
  • one that uses light to produce O2 from H2O
  • one that converts CO2 into sugars
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5
Q

calvin cycle

A

set of reactions that uses NADPH and ATP formed in the light capturing reactions to dive fixation of CO2

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6
Q

what is going on in the light capturing reactions

A
  • electrons promoted to a high energy state
  • ignites chain of steps that ends with reduction of NADP+ to form NADPH
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7
Q

what is some of the energy released from redox used for

A

produce ATP

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8
Q

what do the light capturing reactions provide

A

high energy molecules that drive the Calvin cycle

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9
Q

where does photosynthesis occur

A

chloroplasts

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10
Q

what is the structure of a chloroplast

A
  • enclosed by an outer membrane and inner membrane
  • interior has flattened, membranous sac called thylakoids
  • lumen
  • grana
  • stroma
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11
Q

thylakoids

A

membrane bound network of flattened sac-like structures that function in converting light energy to chemical energy

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12
Q

grana

A

interconnected stacks of thylakoids

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13
Q

lumen

A

space in thylakoids

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14
Q

stroma

A

fluid filled space between thylakoids and the inner membrane

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15
Q

pigments

A

molecules that absorb only certain wavelengths of light
- make up composition of thylakoid membranes

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16
Q

what is the most abundant pigment

A

chlorophyll
- transmits green light

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17
Q

how many steps does the calvin cycle go through

A

three steps
fixation
reduction
regeneration

18
Q

fixation phase

A
  • begins when CO2 reacts with RuBP
  • fixes carbon
  • produces two molecules of 3PGA
19
Q

reduction phase

A
  • 3GA phosphorylated by ATP and reduced by accepting electrons
  • product is phosphorylated three carbon sugar (G3P)
20
Q

regeneration phase

A
  • rest of G3P keeps cycle going by serving as substrate
21
Q

where do the three phases take place in

A

stoma of chloroplasts

22
Q

one does one turn of the calvin cycle fix

A

one molecule of CO2

23
Q

why do sugars take so much chemical energy to be produced

A

because they store so much potential energy

24
Q

when is rubisco activated and inhibited

A

activated: regulatory molecules produced when light is available

inhibited: when CO2 is low in availability

25
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucose

26
Q

what is combined to form sucrose

A

glucose and fructose

27
Q

sucrose

A
  • disaccharide
  • one of the two main products of photosynthesis
  • produced in cytosol
28
Q

when is starch formed

A

photosynthesis is happening rapidly and sucrose is abundant

29
Q

starch

A

storage carb in cells of leaves and roots
- produced inside chloroplast

30
Q

at night, what happens to the starch

A

broken down to glucose which is then used for cellular respiration or manufacture sucrose

31
Q

how do pigment molecules capture light energy

A

excitement of their electrons when photon is absorbed

32
Q

how is the excitation energy released as after photon is absorbed

A

fluorescence and heat

33
Q

antenna pigments

A

transfer absorbed light energy via resonance to reaction center

34
Q

photosystem II

A
  • excited electrons transferred to plastoquinone
  • redox reactions used to generate proton motive force that drives creation of ATP
35
Q

what are the electrons from photosystem II replaced by

A

splitting water

36
Q

photosystem I

A
  • excited electrons passed to ferredoxin
37
Q

what connects photosystem I and II

A

Z scheme

38
Q

what do the stomata regulate

A

exchange of CO2 and O2 between lead tissue of plant and environment

39
Q

when is photosynthesis stimulated and reduced

A

stimulated: presence of light

reduced: sugar supplies are low OR CO2 availability is low

40
Q

what does rubisco catalyze

A
  • fixation of CO2 to RuBP
  • addition of oxygen as well as CO2 to RuBP

Biology 2 Lecture (18 decks)

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