Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work. The ability to move matter.

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2
Q

2 forms of energy

A
  1. Potential

2. Kinetic

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3
Q

Eg of Potential energy

A

Energy stored in the covalent bonds of food

Gravity

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4
Q

Eg of Kinetic Energy

A

Light
Sound
Movement
Muscle contraction

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5
Q

Potential Energy

A

stored energy available to do work

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6
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy being used to do work ( any moving object)

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7
Q

calories

A

units used to measure energy

It is the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree

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8
Q

The laws of thermodynamics

A

1st law = The law of energy conservation
Energy is neither created or destroyed

2nd Energy transformation is inefficient. With each transformation some energy is lost as heat.

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9
Q

Entropy

A

The measuree of the randomness of molecular movements that results in heat

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10
Q

Metabolism

A

encompasses all the chemical reactions in the cell

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11
Q

what does metabolism involve

A

. building new molecules
. breaking down molecules
. each reaction rearranges atoms into new compounds
. each reaction either releases or absorbs energy

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12
Q

Endergonic Reaction

A

Requires input of energy to proceed
reactants ( lesser)= products (greater)

eg. water+ carbon dioxide = glucose + oxygen(Photosynthesis

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13
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Releases energy
reactants ( greater) = Products less
eg
Glucose + oxygen = Water carbon dioxide Atp

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14
Q

Chemical equilibrium

A

Chemical reaction goes in both direction at the same rate.

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15
Q

Why are cells not in chemical equilibrium

A

It stops the cells metabolic process from moving forward

May force the cell to extend more energy to do the same work

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16
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

A series of chemical reaction in which the product of one reaction is quickly used up by the next.

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17
Q

Oxidization

A
loss of electrons from a molecule atom or ion
CR
Exergonic
energy is released
breakdown of molecules
18
Q

Reduction

A
the gain of electron
Potosynthesis
Endergonic 
energy is required
build up of molecules
19
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

A series of protein that transfer energy rich electrons from one protein to the next. With each transfer a small amount of energy is released which the cell uses to carry out other reactions

20
Q

ATP

A

a nucleotide that stores released energy in the covalent bonds of its phosphorus group.

It holds energy released in exergonic reactions long enough to power endergonic reactions

21
Q

The chemical structure of Atp

A

nitrogenous base=adenine
5 carbon sugar= ribose
3 phosphate groups
(Triphosphate + adenisone)

22
Q

Phosporylation

A

The coupling transaction of arp and tap transferring one phosphate group to another molecule.
Atp is exergonic hydrolysised to create energy and a phosphate.
energy is temporarily stored by adding a phosphate along with energy to get atp and water

23
Q

The coupled reactions of ADP and ATP

A

ATP + H20 ADP + P + ENERGY

24
Q

Enzymes

A

A protein that catalyses a chemical reaction by lowering the energy activation without being consumed

25
Q

what environmental conditions affect their activity

A

high salt content
drugs (internal or external)
temperatue
ph

26
Q

How do substrates bond to active sites of enzymes

A

Substrates fit like puzzles to active sites

27
Q

cofactors

A

are inorganic and organic helpers of enzymes that MUST be present for the enzyme to work.

28
Q

coenzymes

A

organic cofactors e.g., water soluble vitamins

29
Q

Negative feed back

A

a way that cells control reaction rates in cells. with high product accumulation a product bonds with the enzyme that formulated it to prevent further production

30
Q

2 types of Negative feedback

A
  1. competive inhibition

2. non competitive inhibition

31
Q

non competitive inhibition

A

The product binds with the enzyme at a location other that the active site changing the shape.

32
Q

competive inhibition

A

The product binds to the active site preventing the substrate from binding with it.

33
Q

Concentration gradient

A

A solute is more concentrated in one region than in a neighboring region

34
Q

Why is Concentration gradient important

A

Because all forms of transport across membranes involve gradients

35
Q

Passive transport

A

a substance moves across a membrane without the expenditure of energy. All forms of passive transport invoke diffusion

36
Q

Diffussion

A

an example of passive diffusion.
The spontaneous movement of substance from an area of more concentration to area with low concentration. does not require energy

37
Q

Simple diffusion

A

substances to which the the membrane is permeable moves across the membrane without the assistance of membrane protein. Lipids, small, non polar molecules (o2,Co2)

38
Q

osmosis

A

The simple diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

39
Q

Facillitated diffusion

A

Substances to which the membrane is NOT PERMEABLE move across the membrane with the assistance of membrane proteins

Ions, polar molecules, molecules like glucose

40
Q

3 Types of Passive transport

A

simple diffusion
osmosis
Facilitated diffusion

41
Q

3 Types of transport mechanisms

A

passive
active
vesicles

42
Q

Active Transport

A

a cell uses transport proteins to move a substance against its concentration gradient. It is used to create or maintain the concentration gradient