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Biology I (116) > DNA chapter 7.3 > Flashcards

DNA chapter 7.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Genome

A

all the genetic material in an organisms cells

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2
Q

How is DNA packaged in a eukaryotic cell vs in a prokaryotic cell

A

The majority of the genome is divided among multiple chromosomes housed inside the cell’s nucleus
In a prokaryotic cell there is only one circular Dna molecule

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

Is a discrete package of DNA and associated proteins

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4
Q

organelles( eukaryotic) that have DNA and thus their own genomes

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Mitochondria
  3. Chloroplast
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5
Q

The well known role of some of DNA

A

to encode all the cells RNA and proteins/ most of DNA has no known function

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6
Q

gene

A

a sequence( section) of DNA nucleotides(the building blocks of nucleic acid) that codes for specific protein or RNA molecule.

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7
Q

The human genome consists of how many genes ( each coding for ONE specific protein)

A

20,000 to 25,000 genes scattered on its 23 pairs of chromosomes

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8
Q

The two steps of protein synthesis

also describes the CENTRAL DOGMA

A
  1. Transcription

2. Translation

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9
Q

Transcription

A

In the Nucleus

a cell copies a gene’s DNA ( the dna stays in the nucleus) sequence to a complementary RNA molecule

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10
Q

Translation

A

Cytoplasm/ Ribosomes
The information in RNA is used to manufacture a (ONE) protein by joining a specific sequence of amino acids into a polypeptide chain

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11
Q

Recipe /cookbook analogy

A
  1. GENE—– RECIPE ( the ingredients and instructions for assembly of one dish) ( likewise a protein encoding gene contains the instructions for assembling a (one) protein, amino acid by amino acid)
  2. CHROMOSOME——-COOKBOOK ( chromosomes have several arrays of genes ( recipes)
  3. GENOME—— LIBRARY OF COOKBOOKS
  4. DNA AND RNA——–Ingredients

2.

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12
Q

Steps to the production of protein ( albumin)

A
  1. Inside the nucleus, an enzyme first transcribes the albumin genesDna sequence to a complimentary RNA sequence.
  2. After some modification , the RNA emerges of the nucleus and binds to a ribosome.
  3. At the ribosome, amino acids are assembled in a specific order to produce the albumin protein.
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13
Q

the amino acid sequence is dictated by

A

the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA molecule.

The Rna, in turn was transcribed from the DNA. In this way DNA provides the recipe for every protein the cell.

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14
Q

RNA

A

An intermediary between DNA and a Polypeptide chain.

. RNA is a multifunctional nucleic acid

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15
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

RNA DNA
1. sugar (ribose) deoxyribose

1b. 2nd carbon..OH H
2. Uracil base Thymine base
3. adenine-uracil adenine-thy
4. can be single stranded Double
5. can catalyze chemical rx no

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16
Q

The 3 types of RNA

A
  1. Messanger RNA (mRNA)
  2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
17
Q

Messanger RNA (mRNA)

A

carries information that specifies a protein. Encodes amino acid sequence.

18
Q

a group of 3 mRna in a row forms what

A

A Codon

19
Q

Codon

A

a genetic “code word”that corresponds to an amino acid. 3 bases/ 3 nucleotide/ 3 letters that code for a single amino acid.

20
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Combines with proteins to form RIBOSOMES.

21
Q

Ribosomes

A

Are the physical location of protein synthesis

22
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

They bind an mRNA codon at one end and a specific amino acid at the other.

. Their role is tho carry each amino acid to the ribosome at the correct spot along the mRNA molecule

23
Q

What is the relationship between a gene and a protein?

A

A gene is a strand of DNA that encodes a protein

24
Q

What are the two main stages in protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and translation are the two main stages in protein synthesis

25
Q

The genome in prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic: consists of one circular DNA in its nucleoid.

Eukaryotic : the majority is divided among multiple chromosomes housed inside the cells nucleus

26
Q

What are the three types of RNA, and how does each contribute to protein synthesis

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the DNA instructions for building the protein, transfer RNA (tRNA) carries the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the major component of a ribosome, the structure that reads codons on the mRNA and assembles amino acids into polypeptides.

27
Q

What is central dogma of biology ( Watson and Crick)

A

States that information stored in DNA is copied to RNA ( transcription), which is used to assemble proteins( translation)

Describes the deduction that each gene somehow controls the production of ONE protein.

Describes the relationship between nucleus acids and proteins as a flow of information called the central dogma.

The proceed if protein production

28
Q

Where is the instruction stored in a gene?

A

In the bases. 3 nucleotide, consequently 3 bases hold the information to make one amino acid. Every 3 letters (codon)code for one amino acid.

29
Q

What does the word Deoxyribonuecleic

A

Deoxy: refers to what makes a deoxyribose ( the sugar) different from a ribose. The 2nd Carbon of ribose has an OH, but deoxyribose only has an H( it is without an oxygen )

Nucleic: DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell

Acid: phosphates donate hydrogen which makes it acidic.

30
Q

ATP relationship to RNA.

A

ATP is modified RNA nucleotide

31
Q

What reaction link nucleotides together

A

Dehydration synthesis

32
Q

All 3 parts of DNA are bonded by

A

Covalent bonds

33
Q

What gives DNA it’s helix shape making it stable

A

Hydrogen bond formed with distant bases.

34
Q

THE CENTRAL DOGMA

A

A flow if information between nucleic acids and protein. This describes protein synthesis : Transcription and Translation

35
Q

How is DNA packaged in a eukaryotic cell

A

The majority of the genome is divided among multiple chromosomes housed inside the cell’s nucleus

36
Q

How is DNA packaged in a prokaryotic cell

A

In a prokaryotic cell there is only one circular Dna molecule

37
Q

What is a gene bounded by

A

a PROMOTER AND a TERMINATOR sequence

Biology I (116) (58 decks)

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