Chapter 10.2 Flashcards
What did mendel discover
He uncovered the basic laws of inheritance
HE DISCOVERED HOW TO to calculate the probabilities of inheritance at least for some traits
Why did he choose peas
- they are easy to grow, develop quickly, produce many offspring. they also have traits that appear in 2 distinguishable forms ( peas may be smooth or wrinkled, yellow or green)
SELF FERTILIZATION IN PLANTS
taking one the pollen from the male part of the flower ( STAMEN) and apply it to the female part (Pistil)
CROSS FERTILIZATION
pollen from a stamen from one plant crossed with the pistil of another plant
each pea represents
a genetically unique offspring
TRUE BREEDING
self fertilization always produced offspring identical to the parent plant
DOMINANT TRAIT
one that seem to obscure another
RECESSIVE Trait
The trait being masked by the dominant trait
DOMINANT ALLELE
Is one that exerts its effects whenever present ( dominant however does not meet common)
RECESSIVE ALLELE
one whose effect is masked if a dominant alleles also present
Why is an allele considered recessive
because it codes for a non functional protein.
If a dominant gene is also present the organism usually has enough of the functional protein to maintain its normal appearance
when are recessive gene noticeable
when both alleles from both parents are recessive that the lack of functional protein becomes noticeable
How many allele per gene does a chromosome carry
only one
any of the diploid cell’s two alleles what might they look like in comparison to each other
they might me identical or different
GENOTYPE
express the genetic makeup of an individual
. an individual’s allele combination for a particular gene
how is a genotype represented
a pair of letters representing each allele
HOMOZYGOUS
an individual that is homozygous for a gene has two identical alleles, meaning both parents contributed the same gene version
If both ales are dominant, the genotype will be
homozygous dominant (YY)
homozygous recessive
yy, same version of a gene, and are both recessive.
HETROZYGOUS genotype
has two different allele for a gene ( Yy), Has different genetic version of an allele.
PHENOTYPE
observable chaacteristics ( seed color, stem length etc)
hy are all homozygous plants truebreding
because all of their gametes have the same allele
Why are heterozygous plants not true breeding
because all of they may pass on either the recessive or the dominant allele
WILD TYPE ALLELE
a genotype or a phenotype that is most common form or expression of a gene in a population
MUTANT ALLELE
genotype or phenotype that is a variant that arises when a gene undergoes mutation
Name to keep track of generation
P GENERATION:
. parental
. first set of individuals being mated
F1 Generation
. first filial generation
. offsprings of P generation
F2 Generation
. the offspring of F1 plants
CHROMOSOME
a continuous molecule of Dna plus associated proteins
GENE
a sequence of DNA that encodes a protein
LLOCUS
THE physical location of a gene on a chromosome
ALLELE
one of the alternative forms of a specific gene
Why did Gregor Mendel choose pea plants as his experimental organism
Mendel chose pea plants because they are easy to grow, develop quickly, produce many offspring, and have many traits that appear in two alternate forms that are easy to distinguish. It also is easy to hand-pollinate pea plants, so an investigator can control which plants mate with one another.
Distinguish between dominant and recessive; heterozygous and homozygous; phenotype and genotype; wild type and mutant
Dominant alleles appear in a phenotype whenever they are present; recessive alleles contribute to the phenotype only if no dominant alleles are present. An individual is homozygous for a gene if both alleles are identical; in a heterozygous individual, the two alleles for a gene are different. An organism’s phenotype is its appearance; the genotype is the alleles an individual possesses. The wild type allele is the most common form of a gene in a population; a mutant allele arises when a gene undergoes a mutation.
Define the P, F1, and F2 generations
The P generation is the parental or starting generation. F1 and F2 refer to the first and second generations of offspring, respectively.
