Exam 2: Sheep and Goat Reproduction Flashcards
Controlled kidding programs are seen in _____ goats
while year round kidding programs are seen in ______ goats
Controlled = meat
Year round = dairy
The buck is kept with the doe for ______ days
in controlled kidding programs
32 days
In goats and sheep,
puberty depends on _______ variation
breed
Body weight should be _____% of adult weight
before entering the breeding herd
60 - 70%
On PE, you cannot palpate the ______,
vaginoscopy only reaches to the cervix
uterus
Goats and sheep are
SHORT day breeders, which means they cycle
during this season
FALL
What is the age for puberty in goats and sheep?
5 - 15 months
(or >60% adult BW)
What factors affect onset of puberty?
Time of lambing
Nutrition
Breed
Ram Selection (SCROTAL SIZE)
______ is heritable:
For example, if a sheep was born a twin, offspring will
most likely be twins
Fecundity
Ages ________ years are the best lambing/kidding seasons
3 - 6 years
____% of 9-10 year old ewes still kid/lamb
80%
Sheep (Ewe) vs. Goat (Doe):
Shortest estrous cycle?
Sheep (ewe)
Sheep (Ewe) vs. Goat (Doe):
Length of estrous cycle in days
Sheep= 17d
Goat= 21d
Sheep (Ewe) vs. Goat (Doe):
Length of ESTRUS
Sheep= 30 hours
Goat= 36 hours
Sheep (Ewe) vs. Goat (Doe):
Length of gestation
Sheep- 147d
Goat- 150d
Sheep (Ewe) vs. Goat (Doe):
Location of P4 production
Sheep- PLACENTAL
Goat- CL DEPENDENT
Sheep (Ewe) vs. Goat (Doe):
Signs of estrus
Sheep- Vulvar swelling, anorexia
Goat- STANDS TO BE MOUNTED, tail wagging, bleating, pacing
The time period of the estrous cycle
where the CL is being formed
Metestrus
The time period in the estrus cycle where
the CL is MATURE and producing progesterone
Diestrus
How is breeding managed and monitored in sheep and goats?
vasectomized teaser ram/goat 14 days prior
wear a marking device harness that leaves a mark
on the females when they mount them to breed.
Change colors every 14 days.
Monitors who is cycling when and helps
stage when to breed
The conception rate is
______% for the first service
and
______% for the second service
65 - 80% (first service)
90% (second service)
Increasing the level of feed offered to breeding
small ruminants is known as
Flushing
When flushing breeding sheep and goats,
increase the nutrient uptake by ______%,
______ weeks prior to breeding
When flushing breeding sheep and goats,
increase the nutrient uptake by 20 - 30%,
2 - 3 weeks prior to breeding
When do you “flush” ewes and does?
2 - 3 weeks prior to breeding
When do you “flush” rams?
8 weeks prior to spermatogenesis cycle (50d cycle)
In regards to reproductive manipulation,
how do you shorten the diestrus phase?
Prostaglandin
In regards to reproductive manipulation,
how do you mimic the diestrus phase?
Progesterone
In regards to reproductive manipulation,
how do you synchronize the follicular wave?
GnRH
In small ruminants,
reproductive manipulation is approached from
the standpoint of ________________
where the doe is in her cycle
What methods are utilized for reproductive manipulation in
sheep and goats?
CIDR
Prostaglandins
GnRH
Light manipulation (short-day breeders)
If the doe is in anestrous,
how is reproduction manipulated?
Hormonal manipulation: PG, PGF2a, Gonadotropins, CIDRs
If the doe is in the transitional part of her cycle
(beginning or end of breeding season),
how is reproduction manipulated to
initiate a cycle/come into heat?
BUCK or RAM EFFECT:
Separate all females from males for 30 days,
then reintroduce the nastiest, smelliest male.
Will initiate a transitional effect and cycle
When are CIDRs used most often?
During the transitional time frame
How long are CIDRs used for in sheep and goats?
12 - 14 days (double the time cows can have it)
Describe the steps of hormonal manipulation
of an anestrous doe
Put in CIDR (Progestin) for 12d
Give Gonadotropin,
Remove progestin source
Give Prostaglandin.
Estrus follows in 17 - 30 hours
MGA (Melengesterol Acetate) is
NOT LABELED for sheep and goats.
Give for _______ days,
then animals will go through a silent cycle before
having a fertile cycle
14 days
Prostaglandins only work during breeding season
because you must have a _______ for it to work
corpus luteum
How do you get females to cycle at the same speed
using PROSTAGLANDINS?
Remove ram
Give 2 doses (PGF2a or Cloprostenol) 9 days apart
Return ram- helps with ovulation
Maternal recognition of pregnancy is characterized
by the presence of ________
interferon-tau
What type of placenta do sheep and goats have?
Cotyledonary EpithelioChorial
Why do we maintain sheep and goats at
2.5 - 3.0 BCS throughout pregnancy?
Helps to prevent pregnancy toxemia
A vesicle can be seen on ultrasound
on days ________ transrectally
18 - 20
At what day can the fetal heartbeat be seen
on transrectal ultrasound?
Day 25
At what day can placentomes be seen on
transabdominal ultrasound?
Day 35
At what day can skeletal structures be seen
on transabdominal ultrasound?
Day 60
What is “bagging up”?
When udders start developing when pregnant.
Some may have full udders without being exposed to male,
but LEAVE IT ALONE and DONT MILK THEM
because they will just keep producing milk
At what day of gestation is bagging up seen?
100 days
When can you use ballottement to feel the baby?
100 days
At what day of gestation
can you use xrays to confirm pregnancy?
Day 50
At what day of gestation
can you use Laparotomy
to confirm gestation?
Day 35
At what day of gestation
can vaginal biopsy be used
to confirm pregnancy?
Day 40
At what day of gestation
can you use rectoabdominal palpation
to diagnose pregnancy
70 - 110 days
Never use _______ assays to diagnose pregnancy
steroid
What is stage 1 of parturition
Uterine contractions
(2 - 8 hours)
What happens during Stage 2 of parturition?
Cervix stretched open (30 minutes)
Oxytocin released
Abdominal press (20m - 2h)
Newborn lamb stands (30m) and suckles (2hr)
What happens during Stage 3 of parturition?
Placenta normally expelled (2 - 4 hours)
Kidding and Lambing are normally uneventful;
only ____% require assistance
3 - 5%
_____ minutes or more of contractions
and failure to deliver fetus warrants intervention
30 minutes
What are the most common causes of dystocia
in sheep and goats?
Fetal postural abnormalities (head back)
Multiple fetuses trying to exit at the same time
Why are sleeves/gloves necessary when treating
a dystocia?
Because MOST CAUSES OF ABORTION in sheep/goats
are ZOONOTIC! (unlike in cows)
Failure of the cervix to completely dilate is known as
Ringwomb
Ringwomb, or the failure of the cervix to completely dilate,
is common in the _______,
and considered HERITABLE
ewe
Ringwomb, or the failure of the cervix to completely dilate,
is treated by performing a _________
C-section
After parturition, always check for
____________ in the doe
additional fetuses
What does meconium staining indicate if seen
in a newborn?
Stressed animal
In a newborn, dip the navel in
___________ and give COLOSTRUM
7% iodine
Postpartum, uterine involution takes ______ days,
and 10% go into non-fertile estrus within 48 hours
uterine involution takes 30 days
Periparturient diseases are generally more common
in _________
SHEEP
What are the risk factors for pregnancy toxemia,
which occurs during the final trimester of pregnancy
Multiple fetuses
Negative energy balance
Obese or extremely thin
Twin pregnancy requires ______% more energy than
single births
180%
Pregnancy with triplets requires ______%
more energy than single births
240%
What are the clinical signs of pregnancy toxemia?
Depression, recumbency, tremors, bruxism, staggering, ketonuria.
Stargazing (neuro sign) in severe cases
How do you treat pregnancy toxemia?
Remove fetuses
Glucose or 50% Dextrose IV (given with Insulin)
Propylene glycol
B vitamins
Transfaunation
In regards to treatment of pregnancy toxemia,
how is parturition induced if near the end of term
in SHEEP?
15 - 18 mg Dexamethasone IM
(75% born in 36 hours)
In regards to treatment of pregnancy toxemia,
how is parturition induced if near the end of term
in GOATS?
15 mg PGF + 15 mg Dexamethasone
(25 mg PGF and 25 mg Dex to induce in COWS)
________is the transfer of one animal’s digestive flora into another animal, and is one method
of treating pregnancy toxemia
Transfaunation
How is pregnancy toxemia prevented?
Maintaining good level of nutrition year round
ID animals with multiple fetuses and supplement feed
Spot check herds for urine ketones
Vaginal prolapse is seen in SHEEP
and occurs pre-partum.
What are the causes of vaginal prolapse?
CLOVERS (Estrogen plants)
TAIL DOCKING (If proximal to coccygeal nerve 6)
GENETICS
Obesity
Multiple fetuses
How is vaginal prolapse in the ewe treated?
Replacement
Retainment (Plastic Prolapse Retainer- animal can still lamb)
Cull
_________ prolapse is seen in EWES,
while
________ prolapse is seen in Ewes AND Does
Vaginal prolapse- Ewes
Uterine prolapse- Ewes and Does
The placenta should be expelled by ______ hours,
otherwise are known as retained fetal membranes
6 hours
If the placenta is not expelled by 6 hours,
these retained fetal membranes can be treated
using which 2 drugs
Oxytocin
PGF2a
What are the predisposing factors for
metritis and endometritis in sheep and goats?
DAIRY goats
Retained fetal membranes
Dystocia
Abortions
How is metritis and endometritis treated in sheep and goats?
Antibiotics
Ecbolics
NSAIDS
IV Fluids
