Exam 1: Eutocia and Dystocia

Question 1

“Waxing” refers to this prepartum change

that occurs 1-2 weeks prior to parturition

Answer 1

Udder edema and milk production, crystallization at ends of teats

Question 2

Relaxation of the ______ _______

resulting in a raised tail head

is a prepartum change

Answer 2

pelvic ligaments

(sacrosciatic, sacrotuberous)

Question 3

This positive feedback loop occurs during parturition

and is a pressure stimulated reflex

which causes release of more and more oxytocin

to increase the pressure to push the baby out

Answer 3

Ferguson’s Response

Question 4

During parturition,

progestagens _______

and

estrogens/estrogen precursors ________

Answer 4

progestagens decrease

estrogens increase

Question 5

During parturition,

_______ receptors are upregulated in the uterus,

and the uterus releases _______

Answer 5

During parturition,

oxytocin receptors are upregulated in the uterus,

and the uterus releases PGF2a

Question 6

Stage 1 of parturition is initiated by the fetus

and usually lasts 1 - 6 hours.

This includes dilation of the cervix

and initiation of ________ contractions

Answer 6

myometrial

Question 7

Expulsion of the fetus is Stage ____ of eutocia

Answer 7

2

Question 8

Stage 2 of parturition begins with the rupture of this

Answer 8

chorioallantoic membrane

Question 9

Ferguson’s reflex is seen in stage ______ of parturition

Answer 9

2

Question 10

Expulsion of the fetal membranes is stage _____

of parturition.

Answer 10

3

Question 11

Retained placentas are an emergency in ______

Answer 11

horses

Question 12

What are the 3 P’s of Parturition?

Answer 12

PREsentation

Position

Posture

Question 13

What is Presentation of the fetus?

Answer 13

What is being presented to you as the fetus is being expelled.

Cranial or Caudal (Longitudinal)

Dorsal or Ventral (Transverse)

Question 14

The anatomic relationship of the dorsum of the fetus

relative to the maternal pelvis is known as

Answer 14

POSITION (fetus-mother)

dorso-sacral (spines lined up)

dorso-pubic (spine of fetus is on the floor of pelvis)

dorso-iliac (spine of calf facing R or L iliac)

Question 15

The anatomic relationship of fetal extremities to its own body

is known as

Answer 15

POSTURE

flexed, extended, retained

Question 16

______ have the highest incidence of dystocia

(abnormally difficult birth)

while cats have the lowest incidence

Answer 16

COWS

Question 17

What are the 3 maternal causes of dystocia?

Answer 17

Primary uterine inertia

Secondary uterine inertia

Birth canal abnormalities

Question 18

This maternal cause of dystocia

occurs when the myometrium is exhausted

after prolonged attempts to deliver

Answer 18

SECONDARY uterine inertia

Question 19

This fetal cause of dystocia

is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by

partial or complete agenesis of vertebrae

and usually includes arthrogryposis of the hind limbs

and malformed muscles.

Answer 19

Peresomus elumbus

Question 20

This fetal cause of dystocia

is identified in certain Angus breeds of cattle

and is the result of the deletion of a small essential segment of DNA

Answer 20

Curly Calf Syndrome

Question 21

This fetal cause of dystocia

results in the failure of the body wall to close

and a calf that is “inside out” with abdominal organs exposed

Answer 21

Shistosomus reflexus