Exam 1: Eutocia and Dystocia Flashcards
“Waxing” refers to this prepartum change
that occurs 1-2 weeks prior to parturition
Udder edema and milk production, crystallization at ends of teats
Relaxation of the ______ _______
resulting in a raised tail head
is a prepartum change
pelvic ligaments
(sacrosciatic, sacrotuberous)
This positive feedback loop occurs during parturition
and is a pressure stimulated reflex
which causes release of more and more oxytocin
to increase the pressure to push the baby out
Ferguson’s Response
During parturition,
progestagens _______
and
estrogens/estrogen precursors ________
progestagens decrease
estrogens increase
During parturition,
_______ receptors are upregulated in the uterus,
and the uterus releases _______
During parturition,
oxytocin receptors are upregulated in the uterus,
and the uterus releases PGF2a
Stage 1 of parturition is initiated by the fetus
and usually lasts 1 - 6 hours.
This includes dilation of the cervix
and initiation of ________ contractions
myometrial
Expulsion of the fetus is Stage ____ of eutocia
2
Stage 2 of parturition begins with the rupture of this
chorioallantoic membrane
Ferguson’s reflex is seen in stage ______ of parturition
2
Expulsion of the fetal membranes is stage _____
of parturition.
3
Retained placentas are an emergency in ______
horses
What are the 3 P’s of Parturition?
PREsentation
Position
Posture
What is Presentation of the fetus?
What is being presented to you as the fetus is being expelled.
Cranial or Caudal (Longitudinal)
Dorsal or Ventral (Transverse)
The anatomic relationship of the dorsum of the fetus
relative to the maternal pelvis is known as
POSITION (fetus-mother)
dorso-sacral (spines lined up)
dorso-pubic (spine of fetus is on the floor of pelvis)
dorso-iliac (spine of calf facing R or L iliac)
The anatomic relationship of fetal extremities to its own body
is known as
POSTURE
flexed, extended, retained
______ have the highest incidence of dystocia
(abnormally difficult birth)
while cats have the lowest incidence
COWS
What are the 3 maternal causes of dystocia?
Primary uterine inertia
Secondary uterine inertia
Birth canal abnormalities
This maternal cause of dystocia
occurs when the myometrium is exhausted
after prolonged attempts to deliver
SECONDARY uterine inertia
This fetal cause of dystocia
is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by
partial or complete agenesis of vertebrae
and usually includes arthrogryposis of the hind limbs
and malformed muscles.
Peresomus elumbus
This fetal cause of dystocia
is identified in certain Angus breeds of cattle
and is the result of the deletion of a small essential segment of DNA
Curly Calf Syndrome
This fetal cause of dystocia
results in the failure of the body wall to close
and a calf that is “inside out” with abdominal organs exposed
Shistosomus reflexus
