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RUSVM Therio Practice Questions > Exam 2: Bovine Infectious Infertility and Abortion > Flashcards

Exam 2: Bovine Infectious Infertility and Abortion Flashcards

1
Q

Early embryonic death is defined as fetal death occurring

before _______ weeks gestation

A

8 weeks

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2
Q

Still birth is defined as fetal death occurring at

greater than _________ days

A

260 days

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3
Q

Intervention level for infectious infertility and abortions is

> ____% of the herd

A

>5%

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4
Q

The #1 diagnosis of abortion is _________

A

UNKNOWN!

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5
Q

In cases of abortion, what tissues at a minimum should be

submitted for diagnostics?

A

Placenta, Fetus, Maternal Blood

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6
Q

Describe the shape of Listeria monocytogenes

A

Gram positive coccobacillus

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7
Q

This bacterial cause of abortion in cows is concentrated in

rotting hay and improperly stored silage

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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8
Q

Listeria monocytogenes causes abortion in

which trimester?

A

Listeria monocytogenes causes abortion in the

last trimester

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9
Q

This is one of the few causes of abortion in cattle that you

actually see sick, infected cows before, during, and after abortion,

along with encephalitis and neonatal disease

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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10
Q

Upon necropsy of an aborted fetus,

you notice the fetus is autolysed.

The liver shows foci of necrosis, but you have ruled out BHV-1.

What is your primary ddx?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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11
Q

The placenta described below most relates to which bacterial cause of abortion?

Pinpoint yellow necrotic foci

on the tips of cotyledonary villi

with intercotyledonary placentitis

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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12
Q

What is the treatment for Listeria monocytogenes?

A

No treatment, cow recovers.

Prevention aimed at proper feed and silage storage

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13
Q

All serovars of this aerobic spirochete bacteria are zoonotic

A

Leptospirosis

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14
Q

Host-adapted Leptospirosis that result in

insidious repro loss and infertility include

these 2 strains

A
  • L. interrogans hardjo-prajitno* (USA)
  • L. borgpetersenii hardjo-bovis* (UK)
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15
Q

Name the 4 types of Leptospirosis that are non-host adapted

and responsible for abortion storms

A
  • L. pomona*
  • L. grippotyphosa*
  • L. icterohemmorhagica*
  • L. canicola*
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16
Q

Leptospirosis has an incubation period of _________ days

A

4 - 10 days

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17
Q

Leptospirosis localizes and persists in the _________

A

renal tubules

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18
Q

T/F:

Leptospirosis infection has pathognomic clinical signs

that all animals show if infected

A

FALSE!

Often NO clinical signs with lepto infection

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19
Q

How is Leptospirosis transmitted?

A

Urine

Placental fluids

Milk

Transplacental

Semen

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20
Q

Leptospirosis can survive in a wet enviroment for ______ days

A

30 days

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21
Q

How is Leptospirosis diagnosed?

A

Via clinical history of INFERTILITY and ABORTIONS

plus fluorescent antibody test

of maternal urine after FUROSEMIDE administration

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22
Q

What type of vaccine protects from non-host adapted Leptospirosis?

A

multivalent vax

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23
Q

What type of vaccine protects from host adapted Leptospirosis?

A

monovalent vax

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24
Q

During an outbreak, how is Leptospirosis controlled?

A

Vaccine + TETRACYCLINES

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25
Q

This gram negative intracellular coccobacillus

was once the most important repro disease of cattle in the USA.

Thank to an eradication program, most states are free,

but we must remain vigilant because the associated

zoonosis results in undulant fever

A

Brucella abortus

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26
Q

How is Brucella abortus transmitted?

A

Primarily via mucous membranes

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27
Q

Where does Brucella abortus multiply?

A

chorioallantoic trophoblasts resulting in

chorioallantoic necrosis and fetal bacteremia

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28
Q

T/F:

Bulls can be carriers for Brucella abortus and transmit it via coitus with the cow,

which is why all sire bulls should test negative for it

A

True

(But transmission via coitus is rare)

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29
Q

When do abortions typically occur if a cow is infected with Brucella abortus?

A

After 5 months gestation

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30
Q

Following abortion around 5 months due to Brucella abortus,

what sequela can you see in the cow?

A

Retained fetal membranes, Metritis

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31
Q

What tissues can be submitted to confirm diagnosis of

Brucella abortus?

A

FETAL lung, abomasum

Placenta

Uterine tissues

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32
Q

What might the placenta of a cow infected with Brucella abortus

look like?

A

dry, thickened, or cracked intercotyledonary areas, moroccan leather

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33
Q

How do you treat cows that test positive for Brucella abortus?

A

NO treatment, CULL

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34
Q

You go to a farm and the farmer tells you his cows have been aborting

around 5 months gestation. Afterwards, some cows experienced

retained fetal membranes and metritis. What is your primary differential,

and what is the first thing you do?

A

Brucella abortus

report it to authorities!

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35
Q

How is Brucella abortus prevented?

A

Vaccination of HEIFERS ONLY

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36
Q

What is the name of the vaccine used in heifers (not males!) to

prevent Brucella abortus?

A

RB51 (Bang’s Vaccine)

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37
Q

When are heifers vaccinated for Brucella abortus?

A

vax at 4 -12 months, NEVER OVER 1 YEAR!

38
Q

What is the best source of new animals to ensure you do not

introduce an animal infected with Brucella abortus?

A

Certified Brucellosis Free Herds

39
Q

These 2 bacteria are found in the normal female reproductive tract

but some strains can cause granular vulvovaginitis

and salpingitis that can lead to infertility.

They are an uncommon cause of early and late term abortions in cows

A

Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma

40
Q

Vibrio is another name for this bacterial cause of abortion in cattle

A

Campylobacter foetis veneralis

41
Q

This gram negative microaerophilic rod/comma shaped

bacteria causes early embryonic death and is transmitted via coitus

A

Campylobacter foetis veneralis

42
Q

What is the most common clinical sign of Campylobacter foetis veneralis

seen in cows?

A

Delayed return to estrus

43
Q

While most cow infected by Campylobacter foetis veneralis experience

early embryonic death, less than 10% abort a fetus at ______ months

A

4 - 6 months

44
Q

What is the most common clinical sign of

Campylobacter foetis veneralis infection in bulls?

A

NO CLINICAL SIGNS SEEN IN BULLS!

45
Q

________ media is used to culture bacteria for diagnosis of

Campylobacter foetis veneralis

A

Clark’s media

46
Q

What samples should be sent to lab for diagnosis of

Campylobacter foetis veneralis?

A

Preputial scrapings

Vaginal mucus

FETAL abomasum

Placenta

47
Q

How is Campylobacter foetis veneralis prevented?

A

Culling the BULLS that are positive.

Cows clear it in 3 - 6 months.

Vaccinate cows 2 weeks before breeding season: 2 injx, 2- 4 weeks apart

Annual booster

48
Q

What are the 3 types of Campylobacter that can cause abortion in cattle?

A

C. foetis veneralis

C. fetus fetus

C. fetus jejuni

49
Q
  • Tritrichomonas foetus* is a:
    a. bacteria
    b. virus
    c. protozoa
A

protozoa

50
Q

How is Tritrichomonas foetus transmitted?

A

Coitus

51
Q

T/F:

Tritrichomonas foetus prevents conception

A

FALSE

52
Q

T/F:

Tritrichomonas foetus causes fetal loss, usually early embryonic death

and bulls are the primary reservoir.

A

TRUE

53
Q

What are the two differentials for a REVERSE STAIR STEP

herd history graph?

A

Campylobacter and Tritrichomonas

54
Q

What are some signs seen in herd history for herds with

Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

Reverse stair step graph

Gradual decrease in herd fertility

Prolonged estrus in intervals

Early abortions (usually unobserved)

Post-coital pyometra

Apparent conception and return to heat in 60 - 90 days

55
Q

What type of media is used to culture preputial wash for

Tritrichomonas foetus (protozoa)?

A

Diamond’s media or InPouch

56
Q

What samples should be taken to culture

if Tritrichomonas foetus is suspected?

A

Fetal FLUIDS- amnion, abomasum

Uterine contents

Cervico-vaginal mucus

Preputial wash

57
Q

How is Tritrichomonas foetus treated?

A

Use only culture negative bulls less than 4 years old

Test and CULL positive bulls

Use AI

Sexual rest for cows a minimum of 3 cycles

Quarantine to divide herd

Vaccine- TRICHGUARD (does not prevent dz, shortens recovery!)

58
Q

What vaccine is used to shorten the recovery time of

Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

TrichGuard

59
Q
  • Neospora caninum* is a:
    a. bacteria
    b. virus
    c. protozoa
A

c. PROTOZOA

60
Q

What is the definitive host of Neospora caninum?

A

Dogs

61
Q

How is Neospora caninum transmitted?

A

Ingestion of dog/coyote feces

Vertical transmission primarily (dam to calf- 80%)

62
Q

Describe the calf of a dam that was infected by Neospora caninum

A

Premature, weak, aborted, autolysed, or NORMAL (PI)

63
Q

When do abortions occur in cows infected with Neospora caninum?

A

Usually 3rd trimester, but can occur at anytime.

Cow shows NO CLINICAL SIGNS

64
Q

How is Neospora caninum diagnosed?

A

Immunohistochemistry on

fetal tissues and placenta.

Serologic testing- once a cow is positive, she stays positive

65
Q

How is Neospora caninum prevented and controlled?

A

Disrupt predator-prey life cycle

Dispose carcasses and placentas quickly

Store feed and water away from fecal contamination

Select negative replacement heifers

66
Q

What is the causative agent of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)?

A

Bovine HERPESVIRUS 1

67
Q

T/F:

The venereal form of BHV-1 frequently results in abortion

A

FALSE!

Rare to see abortions.

Will see infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and balanoposthitis

68
Q

What is the most frequently diagnosed cause of viral abortion in

North America?

A

INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS (IBR)

BHV-1

69
Q

How is IBR/BHV-1 transmitted?

A

Venereal- Coitus, Instruments, Semen

Systemic- From mucous membranes, aborted fetus, respiratory

70
Q

This viral cause of abortion in cattle causes

abortion storms in which 25 - 60% of cows in a herd abort.

Abortions usually occur between 4 and 8 months gestation

A

IBR/BHV-1

71
Q

What is important to remember about the IBR/BHV1 vaccine?

A

The vaccine is a modified-live virus vaccine,

and if given in a pregnant animal, can cause abortion!

72
Q

How is IBR/BHV-1 diagnosed?

A

IHC and microscopic exam shows

intranuclear inclusion bodies

73
Q

Bovine viral diarrhea virus is:

a. single stranded enveloped RNA virus
b. double stranded enveloped RNA virus
c. single stranded enveloped DNA virus
d. double stranded enveloped DNA virus

A

SINGLE stranded enveloped RNA virus

74
Q

What are the different genotypes of BVDV (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus)?

A

BVDV 1 and BVDV 2

75
Q

What are the different biotypes of BVDV (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus)?

A

Cytopathic and Non-cytopathic (all PI calves!)

76
Q

What is the primary source of BVDV (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus) spread?

A

Vertical transmission via PI calves

77
Q

Describe why calves can have different presentations when the

cow is infected with BVDV

A

If cow is infected in early gestation–> early embryonic death

If before 120 days–> PI calf or abortion

If after 120 days–> congenital effects or normal calf

Depends on interaction with placenta

78
Q

What are some congenital defects seen in calves

infected with BVDV in utero

A

Arthrogryposis (malformed joints)

Hydrocephalus

Microcerebellum

Skin deformities

79
Q

What are the sources of horizontal transmission of BVDV?

A

PI calves = PRIMARY SOURCE

Acutely infected animal = sheds 2 days to 2 weeks

Shed in tears, feces, saliva, urine, semen, milk

Fomites- feeders and waterers

80
Q

How is diagnosis of PI calves with BVDV confirmed?

A

If remains virus neutralization negative on tests 14 days apart

If remains virus neutralization positive for 14 days or more

81
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosis of BVDV?

A

Virus isolation (but beward of maternal Abs)

buffy coat, serum, tissue

82
Q

If using immunohistochemistry for diagnosis of BVDV,

what is sampled and what confirms a positive?

A

EAR NOTCH sample

with presence of antiGEN

maternal antibodies do not interact because looking for antigen

83
Q

What test is used to screen the entire herd to

figure out how prevalent BVDV is?

A

PCR (beware of false positives)

84
Q

What is the causative agent of Bluetongue Virus?

A

Orbivirus

85
Q

How is Bluetongue Virus (Orbivirus) transmitted?

A

Culicoides

86
Q

Bluetongue Virus (Orbivirus) is a minor cause of abortion.

What does it most commonly cause?

A

TERATOENESIS

(cerebral malformations, weak calves, still-borns)

87
Q

What agent is responsible for causing 70% of fungal abortions

in cattle?

A

Aspergillus Fumigatus

88
Q

What lesions do you expect to see on the placenta

of an animal infected with Aspergillus Fumigatus?

A

Necrosis of cotyledons, intercotyledonary thickening

89
Q

What lesions do you expect to see on the fetus

of an animal infected with Aspergillus Fumigatus?

A

In 25% of cases:

Mycotic plaques that look like ringworm

90
Q

How is Aspergillus fumigatus diagnosed?

A

Fungal hyphae on microscope and histopath

RUSVM Therio Practice Questions (21 decks)

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