Exam 1: Female Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Oocytes and follicles produce hormones called
__________
Estrogens (Estradiol)
After ovulation, this temporary endocrine structure develops
and produces progesterone
Corpus luteum
The cortex and medulla of the ovaries are
reversed in this species
Horses
The ovulation fossa is unique to this species of animal
Horses
The _________,
which is completely separate from the ovary
in sheep and cows, opens into the abdominal space
resulting in an oocyte having to migrate
through the abdominal space to reach it.
infundibulum
The space between the ovary, mesovarium, and mesosalpinx
is known as the ________ ________
ovarian bursa
The ovarian bursa occludes access to the ovary in
this species of animal
dogs
In females, the _______ is the location
for functional reserve of sperm in the repro tract
isthmus
The isthmus, ampulla, and infundibulum
make up this structure
Uterine tube
Humans have a simplex type uterus while
horses, cows, dogs, cats, and sheep have
a ________ type uterus
Bicornuate
This species of animal has 3 vaginas:
2 lateral vaginas, and 1 median vagina.
Kangaroos!
This species of animal has 2 individual uteruses,
which can individually get endometritis.
Rabbits!
In cows, the uterine horns are curved,
but there is a
greater degree of curling under ________ stimulation
and straighter, firmer horns under ________ stimulation
more curling - progesterone
straighter, firmer - estradiol
This is a permanent anatomic feature in cows
and its sole purpose is to wait until pregnancy
and fuse to cotelydons on the placental side.
Caruncles
This anatomical feature in cows can be mistaken for
the urethra, but unlike the urethra,
it ends in an inch long blind sac.
Suburethral diverticulum
In ruminants, there is a countercurrent exchange
mechanism between these 2 vascular structures,
which allows for direct transfer of PG
Uterine VEIN
Ovarian ARTERY
This vascular structure in cows is located in the broad
ligament and can create a palpable thrill called fremitus
when the animal is pregnant.
Uterine artery
This artery is prone to injury during dystocia in cows.
Vaginal artery
This species of animal has an extremely long uterus
with an interdigitated cervix
which the male has to get through in order to ejaculate
directly into the uterus
Pigs
In horses,
this structure attaches dorsally to the uterus
and the uterus hangs below it
Broad ligament
Endometrial biopsies are most commonly
performed in this species
Horses
Where is prostaglandin (PG) metabolized?
The lungs
Do horses or cows metabolize
prostaglandin faster
Cows metabolize PG much faster than horses do
(which is why horses require less PG clinically)
Most species develop oocytes in the ________ of the ovary
except for horses, who develop them in the ________
most species- cortex
horses- medulla
In the ______ follicle
the oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of
squamous cells.
The oocyte has stopped multiplying by mitosis
and is in prophase 1 of meiosis 1
primordial
In the ______ follicle
the oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of
cuboidal cells.
Occurs when the resting follicle is activated;
cells surrounding it show signs of life
primary
In the ______ follicle,
the oocyte is surrounded by 2 or more layers and has a
zona pellucida (semi translucent proteinaceous shell)
secondary
In the ________ follicle,
fluid accumulates within a cavity formed by follicular cells
antral
Development of a committed follicle requires
________ hormone support
gonadotropin
The _______ follicle is composed of the
theca externa
theca interna
granulosa cells
and the
corona radiata
antral
This portion of the antral follicle
produces androgens
under LH stimulation
Theca interna
This portion of the antral follicle
produces estrogen, inhibin, and follicular fluid
in response to FSH
Granulosa cells
The single layer of cells that surrounds the antral follicle
is known as the
corona radiata
In the cow, immediately after ovulation there is a small
blip of GnRH and FSH.
FSH recruits FSH-responsive follicles called a cohort or ______.
These continue to grow and their antrums/follicles get larger.
WAVE
In the cow, after the FSH-responsive follicle wave,
ONE of those follicles gets bigger than the rest
and continues to grow
followed by the demise of the rest of the follicles in that wave.
The large follicle is _______ and the ones that
regress are called ________.
This period is called divergence.
Large follicle = DOMINANT
Regressed follicles = SUBMISSIVE
Divergence Period
After the divergence period, if the cow is pregnant,
there will be large circulating levels of ________.
If there is none of this, luteolysis will occur.
Progesterone
Cows undergo ______ waves,
due to there being one dominant follicle.
Humans and horses undergo ______ waves,
due to multiple follicles emerging synchronously. If none
of those become dominant,
they all undergo _______ synchronously.
Cows- MAJOR waves
Humans, Horses- MINOR waves
ATRESIA synchronously
Most mammals are born with oogenesis
at the ______ oocyte stage,
except for rabbits, ferrets, and hamsters
which are in the oogonia-stage.
primary
Oocyte growth is complete at the
stage of __________ formation
ANTRUM
In most mammals, the ovulation stage occurs
after the oocyte enters the
second ________ division.
Meiotic
In most mammals, the ovulation stage occurs
after the oocyte enters the
second meiotic division,
but in DOGS, the oocyte is ovulated at
__________, before completion of meiosis 1
Metaphase 1
In dogs, because the oocyte is ovulated at
metaphase 1,
sperm penetration occurs at a stage
________ than ovulation in most other species.
EARLIER
The oocyte and _________ mass
are moved into the infundibulum of the uterine tube
by fimbria.
The cells of this mass are what the sperm has to penetrate
for fertilization to occur!
cumulus mass
Fertilization occurs in the ________ of the uterine tube
ampulla
GnRH is produced in the
hypothalamus
The anterior pituitary is known as the
Adenohypophysis
The posterior pituitary is known as the
Neurohypophysis
The anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
produces which hormones?
FSH, LH, Prolactin
Oxytocin is produced in the
Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
GnRH causes release of which 2 hormones?
FSH and LH
FSH and LH cause follicular development
and the follicle starts to produce ________
estradiol
Estradiol at a certain concentration has a
NEGATIVE feedback on FSH and LH.
If estradiol gets to a certain threshold,
it activates the __________ of the hypothalamus
which leads to MORE LH release until an
ovulatory event occurs
surge center
After the ovulatory event, ______ goes away
and the positive feedback loop of the HPGA stops.
estradiol
