Exam 1: Female Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards by Preeti Gulve

Oocytes and follicles produce hormones called

__________

Estrogens (Estradiol)

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After ovulation, this temporary endocrine structure develops

and produces progesterone

Corpus luteum

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The cortex and medulla of the ovaries are

reversed in this species

Horses

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The ovulation fossa is unique to this species of animal

Horses

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The _________,

which is completely separate from the ovary

in sheep and cows, opens into the abdominal space

resulting in an oocyte having to migrate

through the abdominal space to reach it.

infundibulum

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The space between the ovary, mesovarium, and mesosalpinx

is known as the ________ ________

ovarian bursa

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The ovarian bursa occludes access to the ovary in

this species of animal

dogs

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In females, the _______ is the location

for functional reserve of sperm in the repro tract

isthmus

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The isthmus, ampulla, and infundibulum

make up this structure

Uterine tube

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Humans have a simplex type uterus while

horses, cows, dogs, cats, and sheep have

a ________ type uterus

Bicornuate

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This species of animal has 3 vaginas:

2 lateral vaginas, and 1 median vagina.

Kangaroos!

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This species of animal has 2 individual uteruses,

which can individually get endometritis.

Rabbits!

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In cows, the uterine horns are curved,

but there is a

greater degree of curling under ________ stimulation

and straighter, firmer horns under ________ stimulation

more curling - progesterone

straighter, firmer - estradiol

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This is a permanent anatomic feature in cows

and its sole purpose is to wait until pregnancy

and fuse to cotelydons on the placental side.

Caruncles

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This anatomical feature in cows can be mistaken for

the urethra, but unlike the urethra,

it ends in an inch long blind sac.

Suburethral diverticulum

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In ruminants, there is a countercurrent exchange

mechanism between these 2 vascular structures,

which allows for direct transfer of PG

Uterine VEIN

Ovarian ARTERY

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This vascular structure in cows is located in the broad

ligament and can create a palpable thrill called fremitus

when the animal is pregnant.

Uterine artery

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This artery is prone to injury during dystocia in cows.

Vaginal artery

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This species of animal has an extremely long uterus

with an interdigitated cervix

which the male has to get through in order to ejaculate

directly into the uterus

Pigs

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In horses,

this structure attaches dorsally to the uterus

and the uterus hangs below it

Broad ligament

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Endometrial biopsies are most commonly

performed in this species

Horses

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Where is prostaglandin (PG) metabolized?

The lungs

Do horses or cows metabolize

prostaglandin faster

Cows metabolize PG much faster than horses do

(which is why horses require less PG clinically)

Most species develop oocytes in the ________ of the ovary

except for horses, who develop them in the ________

most species- cortex

horses- medulla

In the ______ follicle the oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of *squamous cells.* The oocyte has stopped multiplying by mitosis and is in prophase 1 of meiosis 1

**primordial**

In the ______ follicle the oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of *cuboidal cells.* Occurs when the resting follicle is activated; cells surrounding it show signs of life

**primary**

In the ______ follicle, the oocyte is surrounded by 2 or more layers and has a *zona pellucida* (semi translucent proteinaceous shell)

**secondary**

In the ________ follicle, fluid accumulates within a cavity formed by follicular cells

**antral**

Development of a committed follicle requires \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ hormone support

gonadotropin

The _______ follicle is composed of the theca externa theca interna granulosa cells and the corona radiata

antral

This portion of the antral follicle produces *androgens* under *LH stimulation*

Theca interna

This portion of the antral follicle produces *estrogen, inhibin, and follicular fluid* in response to *FSH*

Granulosa cells

The single layer of cells that surrounds the antral follicle is known as the

corona radiata

In the cow, immediately after ovulation there is a small blip of **GnRH** and **FSH**. FSH recruits FSH-responsive follicles called a *cohort* or \_\_\_\_\_\_. These continue to grow and their antrums/follicles get larger.

WAVE

In the cow, after the FSH-responsive follicle wave, ONE of those follicles gets bigger than the rest and continues to grow followed by the demise of the rest of the follicles in that wave. The large follicle is _______ and the ones that regress are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. This period is called **divergence.**

Large follicle = DOMINANT Regressed follicles = SUBMISSIVE Divergence Period

After the divergence period, if the cow is pregnant, there will be large circulating levels of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. If there is none of this, luteolysis will occur.

Progesterone

Cows undergo ______ waves, due to there being one dominant follicle. Humans and horses undergo ______ waves, due to multiple follicles emerging synchronously. If none of those become dominant, they all undergo _______ synchronously.

Cows- MAJOR waves Humans, Horses- MINOR waves ATRESIA synchronously

Most mammals are born with oogenesis at the ______ oocyte stage, except for *rabbits, ferrets, and hamsters* which are in the oogonia-stage.

primary

Oocyte growth is complete at the stage of __________ formation

ANTRUM

In most mammals, the ovulation stage occurs after the oocyte enters the second ________ division.

Meiotic

In most mammals, the ovulation stage occurs after the oocyte enters the second meiotic division, but in DOGS, the oocyte is ovulated at \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, before completion of *meiosis 1*

Metaphase 1

In *dogs,* because the oocyte is ovulated at metaphase 1, **sperm penetration occurs at a stage** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ than ovulation in most other species.**

EARLIER

The oocyte and _________ mass are moved into the infundibulum of the uterine tube by fimbria. The cells of this mass are what the sperm has to penetrate for fertilization to occur!

cumulus mass

Fertilization occurs in the ________ of the uterine tube

ampulla

GnRH is produced in the

hypothalamus

The anterior pituitary is known as the

Adenohypophysis

The posterior pituitary is known as the

Neurohypophysis

The anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis) produces which hormones?

FSH, LH, Prolactin

Oxytocin is produced in the

Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis)

GnRH causes release of which 2 hormones?

FSH and LH

FSH and LH cause follicular development and the follicle starts to produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

estradiol

Estradiol at a certain concentration has a NEGATIVE feedback on FSH and LH. If estradiol gets to a certain threshold, it activates the __________ of the hypothalamus which leads to MORE LH release until an *ovulatory event* occurs

surge center

After the *ovulatory event*, ______ goes away and the positive feedback loop of the HPGA stops.

estradiol