Exam 2: Non-Infectious and Infectious Infertility in Sheep and Goats Flashcards
Veratrum californicum is better known as
__________
Skunk Cabbage
What is the toxic principle of Skunk Cabbage?
Alkaloid –> CYCLOPAMINE
Skunk Cabbage (Veratrum californicum)
causes _______ if ingested early in gestation,
and causes ________ if ingested between
days 12 - 14 of gestation
Skunk Cabbage (Veratrum californicum)
causes Early Embryonic Death if ingested early in gestation,
and causes Cyclops if ingested between
days 12 - 14 of gestation
What are some consequences of
Locoweed (Astralagus and Oxytropis) ingestion
in sheep and goats?
Abortion
Arthrogryposis
Decreased spermatogenesis in ram - infertility
What are some consequences of
Broomweed (Guterrezia) ingestion
in sheep and goats?
Abortion
Retained fetal membranes
Arthrogryposis
What are some consequences of
Subterranean Clover and Alfalfa ingestion
in sheep and goats?
Estrogen-producing plants –> Hyperestrogenism
Clovers –> Vaginal prolapse (sheep)
Abnormal estrous cycling (sheep)
Mucometra, Hydrometra, and Cloudburst
are all names for this condition
Pseudopregnancy
Pseudopregnancy is only seen in
______
GOATS
What is the pathogenesis of pseudopregnancy?
Prolonged luteal phase in goats –>
retained CL, causes uterus to fill up with hyperechoic fluid
What clinical signs are seen with pseudopregnancy in goats?
Anestrus
Increased abdominal size
Udder development
How is pseudopregnancy treated?
PGF2a
What is the reservoir for Bluetongue (Orbivirus)?
Cattle
How is Bluetongue (Orbivirus) transmitted?
Culicoides (biting midges)
A sheep presents with a swollen face, ears, and tongue.
You notice ulceration of the coronary band, mouth, and nose.
What is your primary ddx and what do you do first?
Bluetongue (Orbivirus)
CALL FEDERAL VETS
Hairy shaker lambs are associated with this virus
Border Disease Virus (Pestivirus)
How is Border Disease Virus (Pestivirus) transmitted?
ORAL transmission
What effects can Border Disease Virus (Pestivirus)
have on the fetus?
Depending on time fetus was infected:
EED, Resorption, Mummies, Congenital defects, PI ANIMALS
Hairy shaker lambs, with hairy, darker fleece,
usually have these
neurologic congenital defects
Hydraencephaly, Cerebellar Hypoplasia
How is Border Disease Virus (Pestivirus) diagnosed?
Viral isolation
What part of the US is Cache Valley Disease seen?
Southwest US
How is Cache Valley Disease transmitted?
Mosquitos
What is the most common abnormality seen in fetuses with
Cache Valley Disease?
Arthrogryposis
What congenital defects are seen in fetuses with
Cache Valley Disease?
Arthrogryposis
Brachygnathia
Hydra/Microencephaly
Spinal cord hypoplasia
How is Akabene Virus transmitted?
Culicoides AND mosquitos
Where is Akabene Virus found?
Australia, Africa, Asia
What clinical signs are seen in a dam
with Cache Valley disease?
Fever, depression
What clinical signs are seen in a dam with
Akabene Virus?
NONE seen in dam
What is the most common congenital defect
seen in fetuses with Akabene Virus?
Arthrogryposis
Brucella ________ infects goats
while
Brucella ________ infects sheep
Brucella _melitensis_ infects goats
while
Brucella _ovis_ infects sheep
Brucella _______ is zoonotic
while
Brucella ________ is not
Brucella _ovis_ is zoonotic
while
Brucella melitensis is not
Brucella ________ has a LOW incidence in North America
while
Brucella _________ is widespread in western North America
Brucella melitensis has a LOW incidence in North America
while
Brucella ovis is widespread in western North America
Brucella ovis causes _________ in rams
epididymitis
T/F:
Brucella is rarely a cause of abortion in sheep and goats
TRUE
T/F:
Campylobacter is zoonotic
TRUE
This is the most significant cause of abortion in SHEEP
in North America, especially in Western USA!
It causes LARGE OUTBREAKS of abortion
and is rare in goats
Campylobacter fetus fetus
How is Campylobacter fetus fetus transmitted?
FETAL FLUIDS
(1 abortion can cause an abortion storm)
T/F:
Campylobacter fetus fetus causes clinical signs in sheep
FALSE
When are abortions seen in cases of
Campylobacter fetus fetus infection?
LATE term abortions
What is the causative agent of these
targeted “donut lesions” in the liver of a sheep?
Campylobacter fetus fetus
How do you control an outbreak of
Campylobacter fetus fetus?
TETRACYCLINES + remove pregnant sheep
When do you vaccinate for Campylobacter fetus fetus?
Before breeding and a booster
This is the most important cause of abortion in GOATS
Chlamydophila abortus
Chlamydophila abortus can cause _____ abortion in sheep
enzootic
T/F:
Chlamydophila abortus is zoonotic
TRUE
Other than late term abortion and placentitis,
what other complications are seen with
Chlamydophila abortus infection?
Pneumonia
Keratoconjunctivitis
Epididymitis
Polyarthritis (DAMS)
What lesions are seen on the placenta of
an animal infected with Chlamydophila abortus?
NECROTIC PLACENTITIS of cotyledonary and intercotyledonary
areas: almost the whole placenta!
What stain is used on histopath to diagnose
Chlamydophila abortus?
Zeil Neilson stain
How is Chlamydophila abortus treated and prevented?
Outbreak- TETRACYCLINE
Vaccination
This obligate intracellular rickettsial organism
is zoonotic and causes Q Fever (Queensland Fever)
Coxiella burnetii
How is Coxiella burnetii transmitted?
Any fluid,
Oral, Resp, Semen,
Ticks
Coxiella burnetii is usually subclinical,
but occasionally, abortion outbreaks occur.
Abortion outbreaks are more commonly seen in
__________
GOATS
How is Coxiella burnetii treated?
Tetracyclines
What do the placental lesions look like in an animal
infected with Coxiella burnetii?
What other infectious agent is this similar to?
Necrotizing placentitis of cotyledonary and intercotyledonary spaces
(Like Chlamydophila abortus)
Listeria monocytogenes, seen in rotting hay
and improperly stored silage, is zoonotic.
Ewes are ill and NEURO signs are seen.
How is this treated?
Tetracyclines
Toxoplasma gondii is more commonly seen in ________
GOATS
Toxoplasma gondii is zoonotic and is transmitted
via
raw goat milk
aborted fetuses
placentas
Toxoplasma gondii can cause
encephalitis and blindness in ________
human fetuses
If the dam is infected by Toxoplasma gondii
during Day 30 - 90 of gestation,
what effects does it have on the fetus?
Resorption or mummification
If the dam is infected by Toxoplasma gondii
during the last half of gestation,
what effects does it have on the fetus?
ABORTION
Describe the placental lesions caused by
Toxoplasma gondii
Placenta looks like CHEESE AND PEPPERONI:
Normal intercotyledonary areas.
Cotyledons have white to yellow small areas of focal necrosis
How is Toxoplasma gondii diagnosed?
Culture from fetus, placenta
Serology
