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RUSVM Therio Practice Questions > Exam 1: Embryology of the Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Exam 1: Embryology of the Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Ampulla of the uterine tube

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2
Q

________ and ________ do not have oviducts

A

Dogs and cats

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3
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Oocyte or sperm- Haploid

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4
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Fused gametes- Diploid

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5
Q

What are the layers of the blastocyst and what will they

eventually become?

A

Inner Cell Mass (Embryoblast) - Embryo

Trophoblast- Placenta

Blastocoele- Fluid filled space

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6
Q

Which organized cell layer becomes the

skin, eyes, and teeth?

A

ECTOderm

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7
Q

Which organized cell layer becomes the

muscles, skeleton, and most of the repro tract?

A

MESOderm

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8
Q

Which organized cell layer becomes the

gut, respiratory system, and abdominal organs (pancreas, liver)?

A

ENDOderm

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9
Q

The urogenital sinus is an outpouching of

hindgut _______

A

ENDOderm

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10
Q

Primordial germ cells get surrounded by cells of the

primitive gonad and become _______ _______

A

Sex Cords

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11
Q

Germ cells surrounded by sex cords become

_______ in females

and

_______ in males

A

Granulosa cells (oocyte/follicle) - Female

SERTOLI cells - Male

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12
Q

Genetic/Chromosomal sex

is determined at ___________

A

fertilization

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13
Q

In mammals, the heterogametic is the male

but in __________, the heterogametic is the female

A

BIRDS

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14
Q

What are the testis determining genes

responsible for gonadal sex differentiation?

A

SRY, SOX9

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15
Q

What are the ovary determining genes

responsible for gonadal sex differentiation?

A

RSPO1, WNT

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16
Q

Which hormone is responsible for

phenotypic sex differentiation and subsequently

testosterone and dihydrotestosterone production?

A

AMH (Anti-Mullerian Hormone)

  • Causes regression of the mullerian/peramesonephric duct*
  • leading to regression of the female tract*
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17
Q

SRY testis determining factor is synthesized in

the ________ of the male

A

sex cord

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18
Q

_______ sex cords differentiate into Sertoli Cells

while

________ sex cords degenerate

A

Medullary sex cords - Sertoli Cells

Cortical sex cords - degenerate

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19
Q

________ cells, in addition to the early male gonad

produce Anti-Mullerian Hormone

A

Pre-Sertoli cells

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20
Q

In absence of SRY,

________ sex cords develop into follicles

while

________ sex cords degenerate

A

Cortical sex cords - follicles

Medullary sex cords - degenerate

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21
Q

The paramesonephric duct develops at about

______ weeks in both sexes

A

6 weeks

22
Q

The urogenital sinus forms as an outpouching of the hindgut

and is continuous with the ________, and forms the bladder

and pelvic urethra which is contacted by the ureters.

A

Urachus

23
Q

In the indifferent stage of external genetalia formation,

the pair of swellings lateral to the cloaca are called

________ ________

A

cloacal folds

24
Q

Cranial portion of the cloacal folds fuse to form the

_________ __________

A

urogenital tubercle

25
Q

The cloacal folds fuse to form the

urogenital tubercle which goes on to become the

_______ in males

or the

_______ in females

A

penis

clitoris

26
Q

How many days into pregnancy are you able to sex a fetus?

A

60 - 80 days (7th week)

27
Q

The ligamentous cord from gonad to skin

that makes its way through the abdominal muscles and

ends in the region of the labioscrotal swellings

in the 7th week of gestation

A

Gubernaculum

28
Q

When the gubernaculum reaches the labioscrotal swellings

in the 7th week, this turns into the

_______ in males

and the

________ in females

A

Processus vaginalis (males- the cavity inside the scrotum)

and the

Ovarian ligament and round ligament of the uterus (females)

29
Q

The _______ center of the hypothalamus makes

pulses of GnRH which governs transition to puberty in females

A

TONIC

30
Q

The _______ center of the hypothalamus in females

has high frequency pulses of GnRH, which superstimulates the

anterior pituitary to release ______, the hormone

important for initiating ovulation

A

SURGE center

LH

31
Q

Testosterone cross the BBB and is converted to ________

which defeminizes the hypothalamus

and

eliminates the surge center

A

Estradiol

32
Q

Fetal ovaries produce estradiol, but it does not cross the BBB

because it is bound to __________

A

alpha-fetoprotein

33
Q

In temperature dependent sex determination,

phenotypic sex is irreversibly determined mid-incubation

during the __________ period

A

Thermosensitive

34
Q

Disagreement between chromosomal and gonadal sex

resulting in varying degrees of male-ness

A

Sex reversal

35
Q

In XX-sex reversal in goats, this condition is

linked to hornlessness due to a large genetic deletion

A

Polled intersex (PIS)

36
Q

This breed of dog has higher incidences of XX-sex reversal

A

American Cocker Spaniel

37
Q

In Freemartin cows, fusion of allantoic blood vessels results in male and female co-twins that are both ______,

meaning they are composed by cells from 2 different zygotes.

A

chimeras

38
Q

The daughters of fertile bulls with testicular hypoplasia

tend to have this developmental abnormality

A

Hypoplastic ovaries

39
Q

T/F:

Germinal inclusion cysts found in the ovulation fossa

of mares, can resemble granulosa cell tumors and cause

infertility

A

TRUE

40
Q

These 2 congenital lesions occur in white shorthorns cows

with White Heifer Disease.

A

Persistent hymen

and

Segmental aplasia

(usually means they have only one uterine horn)

41
Q

Failure of fusion of paramesonephric ducts

can result in a double cervix, which is common

in _____ but rare in other species

A

cows

42
Q

Failure of fusion of paramesonephric ducts can result in

vaginal cords/septum which are important in this species

A

Dogs

43
Q

This condition common in filliies,

occurs when the fetal vaginal membrane fails to perforate,

which can result in an unbred female horse (filly) displaying

signs of foaling.

A

Imporforate hymen

44
Q

This fundamentally genetic condition can result

in a 10x greater risk of primary testicular tumors,

especially Sertoli Cell Tumors,

as well as an increased risk

of testicular torsion

A

Cryptorchidism

45
Q

Which breed of horse is predisposed to

Cryptorchidism?

A

Quarter Horses

46
Q

What is the most common location of a retained testicle

in Cryptorchid horses and which testicle is more common?

A

Abdomen, Left testicle

47
Q

In equines, this type of tumor along with Sertoli Cell tumors

can accompany cryptorchidism

A

Teratoma

48
Q

This breed of bovine is predisposed to testicular hypoplasia

A

Swedish Red

49
Q

A congenital lesion where the urethra opens on the

ventral surface of the penis

A

Hypospadias

50
Q

In this congenital disorder,

seen in humans but rare in domestic animals,

the urethra opens on the dorsal surface of the penis

A

Epispadias

RUSVM Therio Practice Questions (21 decks)

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