Exam 1; Susceptibility to Periodontal Diseases

Question 1

What is the definition of susceptibility

Answer 1

it is the state of being easily affected, influenced, or harmed by something

Question 2

Different forms of periodontitis may gave different what

Answer 2

etiological factors

Question 3

What is meant by saying that periodontitis is a clinical diagnosis

Answer 3

There is no “test” for periodontitis, you diagnose it similar to caries diagnosis

Question 4

What three things lead to periodontal inflammation

Answer 4

genetic modifiers
specific bacteria
environmental modifiers

Question 5

These activate the mechanism in the periodontal tissues that lead to inflammation

Answer 5

bacteria

Question 6

The magnitude and quality of periodontal tissue changes are determined not only by the bacteria but what else

Answer 6

by the patient’s genetics and environmental modifiers such as smoking

Question 7

The net result of the bacteria and genetic/environmental modifiers produces what

Answer 7

the clinical severity of disease

Question 8

Periodontal diseases are what type of infections

Answer 8

specific mixed infections; does not follow Koch’s postulats

Question 9

Periodontal diseases cause periodontal destruction in which type of host

Answer 9

the appropriately susceptible host

Question 10

True or False

Periodontopathic bacterial flora is necessary but not sufficient for disease

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What is the odds ratio environmental risk factor of smoking and periodontitis

Answer 11

2.5-3.7

Question 12

What is the odds ratio environmental risk factor of diabetes and periodontitis

Answer 12

2.8-3.4

Question 13

What type of genetic modifier example falls under Mendallian inheritance

Answer 13

a single gene autosomal gene causes heredity gingival fibromatosis

Question 14

What type of genetic modifier examples falls under chromosomal disorder

Answer 14

Down Syndrome; trisomy 21

Turner Syndrome; only one X chromosome

Question 15

What type of genetic modifier example falls under complex gene disorders

Answer 15

things like cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and destructive periodontal diseases

Question 16

What type of genetic modifier example falls under polymorphisms

Answer 16

two or more different phenotypes exist within different individuals

Question 17

What type of genetic modifier example falls under SNPs

Answer 17

it is the difference of a single nucleotide; sickle cell anemia

Question 18

What three things can complex gene disorder involve

Answer 18

mutlifactoral (polygenic) interactions
gene-gene interactions
gene-environment interactions

Question 19

True or False

The contribution of any single factor is sufficient to cause disease

Answer 19

False; the contribution of any single factor alone is not sufficient to cause a disease

Question 20

True or False

Multiple genes and environmental factors contribute collectively to cause a disease

Answer 20

True

Question 21

What are the five characteristics of complex gene traits

Answer 21

common in the population
no clear familial transmission
adult age onset
environmental factors etiological too
combination of multiple small genetic and environmental factors

Question 22

True or False

There is evidence that multiple different genes are important in periodontitis

Answer 22

True (genetic heterogeneity)

Question 23

Genetic pre-disposition may act through what three different mechanisms

Answer 23

structural defects
immune response defects
WBC defects

Question 24

True or False

There are a few genetic polymorphisms reported with periodontitis

Answer 24

False; there are MANY!

Question 25

This type of relationship is very difficult to prove for complex genetic diseases

Answer 25

cause and effect

Question 26

This will not be diagnostic for a complex gene disease

Answer 26

SNP

Question 27

What are the four reasons that an SNP will not be diagnostic for a complex gene disorder

Answer 27

no single gene contributes enough to CAUSE disease alone
environmental factors are important/required to cause disease
need to study many people in standardized way to identify an association between SNP and disease state
human populations are mixed in terms of gene polymorphisms and environmental exposures

Question 28

Evidence supports this model involving periodontits

Answer 28

complex genetic model involving gene-gene and gene-environmental interaction