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AU14 Periodontology > Exam 1; Host Responses to Periodontal Bacteria > Flashcards

Exam 1; Host Responses to Periodontal Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria attach and colonize what?

A

the gingival crevice

some species can invade the periodontal soft tissues

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2
Q

Bacteria release substances that do what

A

directly damage the host cells

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3
Q

Bacteria do this to the host’s own inflammatory and immune systems; leading to host tissue damage

A

activate

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4
Q

What are the four major microbial virulence factors

A

ability to invade periodontal epithelium
direct cytotoxic effects of bacterial metabolic waste products
damaging bacterial enzymes
immunostimulatory molecules

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5
Q

What are four metabolic waste products of bacteria with cytotoxic effects

A

ammonia
indole compounds
fatty acids
hydrogen sulfide

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6
Q

What are two damaging bacterial enzymes

A

leukotoxin

gingipains

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7
Q

What are five immunostimulatory molecules found in bacteria

A 
LPS (gram -)
lipoteichoic acids (gram +)
gingipans
formylpeptides
other surface antigens
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8
Q

What are the three mechanisms of periodontal defense

A

prevention of bacterial entry
innate immune response
acquired immune response

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9
Q

What are three methods to prevent bacterial entry

A

shedding of epithelial cells into the oral cavity
intact epithelial border
positive fluid flow into the gingival crevice

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10
Q

What does the gingival crevicular fluid originate as

A

gingival tissue interstital fluid

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11
Q

This component of the innate immune response induces bacterial lysis, promotes phagocytic recruitment, promotes phagocytosis by opsonization of bacteria, helps activate mast cells, which increases vascular permeability

A

complement system

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12
Q

This component of the innate immune response consists of the release of cytokines which recruit inflammatory cells

A

oral epithelium produces pro-inflammatory cytokines

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13
Q

What are three components of the innate immune response

A

oral mucosa produces anti-microbial peptides
antimicrobial effect of antibiotics, lactoferrin, and lysozyme
phagocytic function of neutrophils and macrophages

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14
Q

What three things are involved with the adaptive/acquired response

A

Ag recognition
immune memory
clonal expansion

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15
Q

True or False

Bacteria can colonize supra or sub gingival environments

A

True

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16
Q

This plays an important role in balancing host defenses and pathogenic agents

A

salivary flow

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17
Q

These play a major role in the induction of the innate immune response, they recognize conserved microbial-associated molecular patterns

A

Toll-like receptors

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18
Q

TLRs are expressed by all cells, and signal for the cells to produce what

A

cytokines, chemokines, antimicrobial peptides, nitric oxide and eicosanoids

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19
Q

What are some biological activities of LPS

A 
complement activation
PNM & macrophage activation
pyrogenicity
stimulation of bone respiration and prostaglandin synthesis
induction of TNF
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20
Q

These are mediators of innate immunity and are involved in the coordination of the inflammatory response

A

cytokines

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21
Q

These cytokines are involved with pro-inflammatory activity

A

IL-1β

TNF-α

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22
Q

This cytokine is involved with chemotactic activity

A

IL-8

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23
Q

This is derived from arachidonic acid produced by activated macrophage and other cells

A

prostaglandins

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24
Q

Prostaglandins induce what two things

A

vasodilation and cytokine production

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25
Q

This specific prostaglandin induces production of matrix metalloproteinases by fibroblasts and osteoclasts which damages periodontal tissue

A

PGE2

26
Q

These degrade extracellular matrix and the concentrations of this are higher in inflamed gingiva than in healthy gingiva

A

matrix metalloproteinases

27
Q

What is an example of a matrix metalloproteinase

A

PMN collagenase; degrades the major structural protein in the gingiva

28
Q

These antagonize inflammation and inhibit degradation of matrix proteins

A

proteinase inhibitors

29
Q

This proteinase inhibitor is broad spectrum

A

alpha-2 macroglobulin

30
Q

This proteinase inhibitor is broad spectrum and a potent inhibitor of PMN collagenase

A

alpha-1 antitrypsin

31
Q

This type of antimicrobial peptides inhibit bacteria and fungi and is prodded by salivary gland epithelium

A

defensins

32
Q

This type of antimicrobial peptides inhibit bacteria and fungi by cheating zinc; produced by epithelium, PMNs, monocytes, and macrophages

A

calprotectin

33
Q

Where are PMNs (neutrophils) deployed from

A

the blood

34
Q

Where are macrophages found

A

in organs and tissues

35
Q

Where are mast cells found

A

throughout the body, especially in connective tissue subjacent to mucosal surfaces

36
Q

This increases vascular permeability resulting in redness, edema, and increased gingival crevicular fluid flow

A

acute inflammation or injury

37
Q

These deliver antimicrobial substances to bacteria in the early stages on infection

A

PMNs

38
Q

What are four mechanisms for PMNs to destroy bacteria

A

secretion
respiratory burst
phagocyotsis
lysis/apoptosis

39
Q

PMN activities are triggered by what

A

receptor binding events

40
Q

PMN surface has what kind of receptors

A

high affinity

41
Q

The PMNs travel through what to get to the gingival crevice

A

JE

42
Q

What are the three stages leading up to extravasation that PMNs undergo

A

random contact
rolling
sticking

43
Q

These are released from the PMN granules

A

mediators

44
Q

What is the quantity of plasma, B, and T cells in chronic periodontitis

A

plasma > B > T

there is not a lot of control in the lesion1

45
Q

What two things can serve as an antigen in the adaptive immune response

A

LPS

bacterial proteins

46
Q

What type of cells function as antigen presenting cells

A

macrophages

Langerhans cells

47
Q

The T cell receptor has 2 glycoprotein chains (α and β) with variable segments, the variable segments determine what

A

the type of immune response

48
Q

True or False
The TCR on periodontitis is different before and after therapy and TCRs differ between chronic and aggressive periodontitis

A

True

49
Q

This interleukin has multiple purposes; inhibit cytokines, inhibit IL4/5/6 and stimulate anti-body production; found in aggressive periodontitis

A

IL-10

50
Q

Because there are not many Tk cells in periodontits, what does this suggest

A

That viruses and invasive bacteria are not major players

51
Q

The antigen-antibody complex triggers what two things to occur

A

complement activation

opsonization

52
Q

What are the two types of B cells

A

conventionasl; produces antibodies in which the numbers decrease after treatment
autodreactive; produces autoantibodies, in which the numbers do not decrease after treatment

53
Q

This immunoglobulin is found more in chronic periodontits than aggressive

A

IgG1

54
Q

This immunoglobulin is found more is aggressive periodontitis than chronic periodontitis

A

IgG2

55
Q

why if IgG2 found more in aggressive periodontitis than in IgG1

A

IgG2 recognizes LPS while other subclass mainly recognize protein antigens

56
Q

Homing of relevant immune cells takes place where

A

within the periodontal lesion

57
Q

TH2 cells outnumber TH1 cells in what kind of periodontal lesions

A

chronic

58
Q

These are among the most prominent and active secretory cells in advanced periodontal lesions

A

plasma

59
Q

The ratio of IgG subtypes is similar in what

A

serum and GCF

60
Q

An individuals ability to mount a specific antibody attack to bacteria in the sub gingival biofilm may indicate a patients susceptibility to what

A

the disease and the ability to respond to treatment

61
Q

The screening of what two things in important when diagnosing active disease

A

whole saliva and GCF

AU14 Periodontology (29 decks)

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