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PY3 > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

A state of complete physical, social, and mental well-being

A

Health

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2
Q

The presence of a condition that causes some level of dysfunction in the performance of the human body

A

Disease

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3
Q

The science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort

A

Public health

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4
Q

The study of determinants, distribution, and frequency of health and disease in human populations

A

Epidemiology

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5
Q

True or false: diseases do not occur at random

A

True

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6
Q

Characterization of a disease pattern by demographic attributes

A

Descriptive EPI

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7
Q

-broad range of experiences
- can reveal similarities and differences across a range of populations
- expensive
- logistically challenging

A

Global

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8
Q
  • provide results generalizable to country
  • less genetic and cultural diversity than global
  • can still be expensive and complete to conduct
A

National

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9
Q
  • focus on a specific population of interest
  • less expensive and logistically complicated
  • lack ability to extrapolate to external populations
A

Regional

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10
Q

Population defined by non-place of residence characteristic

A

Special populations

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11
Q

What are the three factors of analytic epi triangle?

A
  1. Environment
  2. Host
  3. Agent
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12
Q

Characteristics that are specific to an individual

A

Host

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13
Q

Exposures that are necessary for the disease to occur

A

Agent

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14
Q

What are the 3 agent factors?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Physical
  3. Biologic
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15
Q

Characteristics specific to the environment that surrounds an individual

A

Environment

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16
Q

What are the 3 external conditions for environmental factors?

A
  1. Physical
  2. Biologic
  3. Social
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17
Q

What are the 4 host factors?

A
  1. Personal traits
  2. Behaviors
  3. Genetic predisposition
  4. Immunological factors
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18
Q

To measure the relative amounts of health loss resulting from disease, injuries, and risk factors, with assessment of trends over time, place, and personal attributes

A

Global burden of disease

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19
Q

Changing patterns of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and leading causes of death

A

Epidemiologic transition

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20
Q

What is the life expectancy and the fertility rate in a period of pestilence and famine?

A

Life expectancy low; high fertility

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21
Q

What is the primary cause of death in a period of pestilence and famine?

A

Infectious disease

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22
Q

What are the mortality rates for a period of pestilence and famine?

A

Mortality is high

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23
Q

When epidemics of plagues decrease

A

Period of receding pandemics

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24
Q

What is the primary cause of death in a period of receding pandemics?

A

Infectious disease

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25
Q

What happens to the mortality rate in period of receding pandemics?

A

Decreases

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26
Q

When do fertility rates decrease and the older population increases?

A

Period of degenerative and man made diseases

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27
Q

What is the primary cause of death in the period of degenerative and man made diseases?

A

Chronic disease

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28
Q

Where the mortality is concentrated at advanced ages

A

Period of delayed degenerative diseases and emerging diseases

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29
Q

What 3 things have lead to a dramatic decrease in infectious disease?

A
  1. Public health
  2. Medical treatment
  3. Sanitation
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30
Q

What is an urgent global public health threat?

A

Antimicrobial resistance

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31
Q

Type of population pyramid where both high fertility and high mortality rates are among younger members

A

Expansive

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32
Q

Type of population pyramid: low mortality and low fertility rates

A

Stationary

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33
Q

Type of population pyramid: lower mortality rate with the fertility rates remaining constant

A

Constrictive

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34
Q

Social standing or class of an individual or group. It is often measured by education, income, and occupation

A

Socioeconomic status

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35
Q

Surveillance in which either available data on reportable disease are used or reporting is mandated or requested

A

Passive

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36
Q

A system in which project staff make periodic field visits to health care facilities to identify new cases of disease or deaths from the diseases have occurred

A

Active

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37
Q

Which type of surveillance is more accurate and more complete?

A

Active

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38
Q

Which type of surveillance is less expensive and has a lack of completeness?

A

Passive

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39
Q

Form of surveillance undertaken to both understand the frequency of infectious diseases and to limit the spread of infectious diseases

A

Case surveillance

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40
Q

A file of data concerning all cases of a particular disease or other health-relevant condition in a defined population such that the cases can be related to a population base

A

Registry

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41
Q

A variety of surveys carried out by the government that are used to identify the frequency of disease and injury events

A

Population surveys

42
Q

A form of surveillance that uses non traditional data sources to detect health events earlier than possible with traditional methods

A

Syndromic-surveillance

43
Q

The factor that must be physically present for the disease to occur

44
Q

No agent = no _______

45
Q

What are 5 types of Biologic agents?

A
  1. Viruses
  2. Bacteria
  3. Fungal
  4. Prion
  5. Helminths
46
Q

Ability to cause severe disease

47
Q

Place where the agent can live and grow

A

Source/ reservoir

48
Q

Site from which the Biologic agent is transmitted

49
Q

The site where the Biologic agent grows and multiplies

50
Q

True or false: agents can survive without a reservoir

51
Q

How the agent exists the reservoir and enters the host

A

Portal of exit

52
Q

How the agent is transmitted from the source to the susceptible host

A

Mode of transmission

53
Q

Transmitted from person to person via direct close contact

54
Q

What are the 2 types of direct transmission? What are examples?

A
  1. Vertical: mother to child
  2. Horizontal: between mucous membranes
55
Q

What are the 2 types of indirect transmission?

A
  1. Fomite transmission
  2. Droplet transmission
56
Q

Involves inanimate objects contaminated by an infected individual

A

Fomite transmission

57
Q

Respiratory droplets which are propelled into the air by sneezing or coughing

A

Droplet transmission

58
Q

The transfer of pathogens via very small particles and droplets that may remain suspended in the air for extended periods and be disseminated by air currents in a room or through a facility

A

Aerosol (airborne) transmission

59
Q

Transmission of disease via food, water, drugs, blood products, and medical devices

A

Common vehicle transmission

60
Q

An organism that can transmit infectious agents from one infected person or animal to another

A

Vector borne transmission

61
Q

What are 5 types of portals of entry?

A
  1. Inhalation
  2. Absorption
  3. Ingestion
  4. Inoculation
  5. Introduction
62
Q

Individual able to become infected

A

Susceptible host

63
Q

Where transmission occurs but the number of cases remains constant. Constant low to moderate level of disease in a population

64
Q

Level of disease that exceeds the level that normally occurs, usually suddenly

65
Q

Disease that does not largely exist in the population; occurs sporadically at low level with no pattern

66
Q

Level in disease in a population is consistently high

A

Hyperendemic

67
Q

Level of disease that exceeds the level that normally occurs , usually suddenly

68
Q

What type of transmission are common source outbreaks usually caused by?

A

Indirect transmission

69
Q

What type of common source outbreak implies that there is an ongoing source of contamination?

A

Continuous

70
Q

What type of common source outbreak has a sharp rise in cases and a gradual fall. All exposures tend to occur in a relatively brief period?

A

Point source

71
Q

Type of outbreak that usually lasts longer than common source

A

Propagated

72
Q

True or false: propagated outbreaks have multiple sources of exposure

73
Q

How are propagated outbreaks usually transmitted?

A

Person to person

74
Q

True or false: correlation does not equal causation

75
Q

What is assumed to exist until evidence exists to show otherwise?

A

Null hypothesis

76
Q

Which type of error: identifying a relationship when in truth there is none

77
Q

Type of error: failing to identify a relationship where there is one

78
Q

How can type I and type II errors exist? 4

A
  1. Chance
  2. Random misclassification
  3. Bias
  4. Confounding
79
Q

What are the 2 types of bias?

A
  1. Selection
  2. Information
80
Q

Proportion of subjects misclassified in exposure is different in each outcome

A

Differential misclassification of exposure

81
Q

Proportion of subjects misclassified on outcome is different in each outcome group

A

Differential misclassification of outcome

82
Q

Proportion of subjects misclassified on exposure is same in each outcome group

A

Non differential misclassification of exposure

83
Q

Proportion of subjects misclassified on outcome is same in each outcome group

A

Non differential misclassification of outcome

84
Q

Occurs when study participants do not accurately or completely recall prior events of experiences

A

Recall bias

85
Q

Occurs when study participants purposely suppress or reveal information on a study variable because of social stigma

A

Reporting bias

86
Q

Occurs when an interviewer solicits or interprets information differently between study subjects

A

Interviewer bias

87
Q

Occurs when study personnel observe information differently from the study participants

A

Observer bias

88
Q

Difference in diagnosis or ascertainment of study measures over time between study participants

A

Detection bias

89
Q

Difference where one study group is followed more closely than the other; outcome identifies more frequently in closely followed group

A

Surveillance bias

90
Q

Error in study result due to the selection of participants

A

Selection bias

91
Q

May exist in any study design that relies on individuals to agree to participate in the study

A

Self selection/ non response bias

92
Q

When the control group selected is not representative of the population that produced the cases

A

Control selection bias

93
Q

Occurs in longitudinal studies when differential loss to follow up exists

A

Loss to follow up bias

94
Q

Occurs because the exposure values in hospitalized subjects particularly controls may not be the same as exposure values for the source population

A

Berksons bias

95
Q

What is the healthy worker effect? 2

A

1.person may be selected for employment based on good health
2. The person who continued to work may be selected to continue use based on good health

96
Q

A group in a targeted population has enhanced survival effect and thus their participation is related to the exposure, outcome, and/or confounding variable

A

Survivor effect

97
Q

If a factor is believed to be the cause of a disease, exposure to the factor must have occurred before the disease developed

A

Temporal relationship

98
Q

True or false: the strength of association is measured by absolute risk

A

False (relative risk)

99
Q

The stronger the association, the more likely it is that the relation is _____

100
Q

As the dose of the exposure increases, the risk of disease _______. What is this called?

A

Increases; dose response relationship

101
Q

Component that causes the disease from the effect of another factor

102
Q

A component that affects the strength or direction of the association between the factor and the disease

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