Breast Cancer Flashcards
What is the tumor suppressor gene that gets mutated in cancer?
P53
Which mutation has an increased incidence of breast and ovarian cancers?
BRCA1
Which mutation can increase the risk of ovarian cancer and both male and female breast cancer?
BRCA2
What are the 5 risk factors of breast cancer?
- Female
- Age
- Genetic mutations
- Family history of breast cancer
- Endogenous estrogen exposure
What 3 things would cause endogenous estrogen exposure?
- Early menarche (</14)
- Late menopause (>/ 55)
- Age at birth of first child (> 30)
What are 5 risk factors that can cause breast cancer (continued)?
- Benign breast disease
- Radiation exposure
- Obesity/ high BMI
- Low physical activity
- Alcohol consumption
What are 3 controversial risk factors?
- Exogenous estrogen exposure
- Oral contraceptives
- Estrogen replacement therapy
What are 3 factors associated with lower risk?
- Breastfeeding
- Moderate or vigorous physical activity
- Maintaining a healthy body weight
What are the 3 screening tests for BC?
- Breast self-examination
- Clinical breast examination
- Mammography
For women of average risk, when should they start getting screened for BC?
Around age 40
What 3 things can be used to help prevent BC?
- Prophylactic mastectomies
- Bilateral oophorectomies
- Drug therapy prevention
What are the 2 most common symptoms of BC?
- Painless lump
- Stabbing or aching pain
What are 4 less common symptoms of BC?
- Nipple tenderness
- Change in size or shape of the breast
- Erythema, scaling, eczema, swelling
- Peu d’orange
What are the 5 main sites of metastases?
- Bone
- Liver
- Lung
- Brain
- Skin
What is the most common pathological type of BC?
Invasive ductal carcinoma
Which pathological type has the worst prognosis?
Invasive ductal carcinoma
ER and PR __tumors are generally less aggressive than _____ ones.
+; negative
What is Her2neu overexpression associated with?
Poorer prognosis
_____ proliferation index when high, shows when a patient needs chemo
Ki-67
What is the standard treatment for stage I, IIA, IIB?
Surgical resection
To get a lumpectomy what must patients also be willing to receive?
Radiation
What should you consider for tumors too large for lumpectomy?
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
What is used for sentinel lymph node biopsy?
Methylene blue
What happens if the lymph nodes turn blue with sentinel lymph node biopsy?
Radiation is needed
For systemic therapy for early stage what should you do?
Irradiate micrometastatic disease
What are 3 situations where the patients must receive chemotherapy?
- ER and PR -
- Her2neu +
- Cancer is present in lymph nodes
What 3 criteria must be met so that a patient can get more specific testing on the tumor to determine the benefit of chemotherapy?
- ER+ or PR+
- Her2neu -
- Negative lymph nodes
What test can be used to help determine likelihood of recurrence and the benefit of chemotherapy
Oncotype DX
What is preferred adjuvant chemotherapy?
AC followed by T
What does AC stand for in preferred adjuvant chemotherapy?
Anthracycline + alkylating agent
If the first line preferred adjuvant chemotherapy can’t be tolerated, what regimen can be used?
TC
For adjuvant chemotherapy what is TC?
Taxane + alkylating agent
What adjuvant chemotherapy regimen should be used for patients who are old and have a HF risk?
TC
What adjuvant chemotherapy regimen is the most aggressive?
TAC