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PCP > Environmental emergencies > Flashcards

Environmental emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis? and what is normal body tempertaure?

A

Is the normal state of balance of all the body’s systems and temp is 36.9 degrees celcius.

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2
Q

What is frostbite?

A

Ice crystals that form in the tissues, damaging blood vessels. Do not thaw if it freezes again. Trauma evident after rewarming.

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3
Q

What are symptoms of mild frostbite?

A

Pale, numb skin progressing to firm, hard, blue or obviously frozen skin

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4
Q

What are symptoms of severe symptoms?

A

Impossible to tell depth of injury until rewarming. Blisters and alot of PAIN.

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5
Q

What is hospital treatment for frostbite?

A

Submersion in 40 degree celcius water and liberal opiods for pain.

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6
Q

What is hypothermia?

A

Generalized core body temperature of less than 35C as a result of increased heat loss and decreased heat production.

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7
Q

What increases the chances of hypothermia?

A

Alcohol, CNS depressants, infection, endocrine diseases (diabetes,thyroid), brain dysfunction and burns.

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8
Q

What is mild hypothermia symptoms?

A

Happens at 34-35 degrees celcius. Increased sympaathetic tone, tachycardia, vasoconstriction and mydriasis. SHIVERING

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9
Q

What is moderate hypothermia symptoms?

A

Happens at 30-34 degrees celcius. Umbles, Bradycardia,Bradypnea and arrhythmias and miosis. SHIVERING STOPS

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10
Q

What is severe hypothermis symptoms?

A

Happens at 30 below, mimics death, unresponsive, fixed pupils, profound bradycardia,apnea and spontaneous v-fib. NO SHIVERING

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11
Q

What is the swiss staging system?

A

HT-1 - (mild) conscious and shivering
HT-2 - (moderate) shivering stops. Altered LOC
HT-3 - (Severe) Unconscious with signs of life
HT-4 - (Profound) No signs of life
HT-5 - (Dead) Irreversible hypothermia (frozen solid)

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12
Q

How long is a pulse check on a hypothermic patient?

A

30-45 seconds

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13
Q

Signs of cardiac instability in a hypothermic patient?

A

BP less than 90mmHg
Ventricular arrhythmias
Core temperature less than 28

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14
Q

What is convection?

A

Body heat is lost to air, it becomes warmer and it rises.

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15
Q

What is Evaporation?

A

Body heat causes perspiration which is lost from the body surface when changed from liquid to vapor.

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16
Q

What is radiation?

A

Body heat is lost to nearby objects without physically touching them.

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17
Q

What is conduction?

A

Body heat is lost to nearby objects through direct physical touch.

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18
Q

Why should you not rewarm the extremities?

A

Rewarming of the extremities causes vasodilation which causes high space shock that the heart can not compensate due to it’s low temperature. Can put the patient in V-fib

19
Q

What is the lethal triad of death?

A

Hypothermia, Coagulopathy and Acidosis

20
Q

What is heat cramps?

A

Muscle pain in abdomen and lower extremities due to dehydration and overexertion in a hot environment. Caused by excessive loss of salt and water.

21
Q

What are symptoms of heat cramps?

A

Muscle twitching, Spasms, nausea, vomiting, weakness and diaphroetic.

22
Q

What is heat exhaustion?

A

More severe condition with more serious fluid loss. Cramps will progress to exhaustion if untreated.

23
Q

What is heat stroke?

A

Complete failure of the body’s temperature regulation mechanisms
Chronic development or acute

24
Q

What is classic heat stroke? (Dry skin)

A

Generally seen in the very old and very young populations.
Can occur over hours or days
Higher mortality rate

25
Q

What is exertional heat stroke? (Sweaty skin)

A

Acute rise in temperature due to high metabolism in the body and ineffective evaporative cooling.
Generally in young fit populations.

26
Q

What are symptoms of heat stroke?

A

Altered LOC
Increased CBT
Lack of diaphroesis
N/V
SOB/ kussmaul’s type breathing

27
Q

Treatment for heat stroke?

A

Remove from heat
Remove all clothing (passive cooling)
Mist body
Fan body to encourage evaporative cooling.
Ice packs to groin and axillary.

28
Q

What are some heat stroke factors?

A

Age, general health (obesity and diabetes), fatigue and medications like anticholinergics (antihistamines, TCA’s) they impair the ability to sweat

29
Q

What is drowning?

A

Death due to asphyxiation during immersion and doesn’t have to be water.

30
Q

What is near drowning?

A

The process of drowning is interrupted or reversed prior to death.
Drowning in alberta is considered cold water and fresh water drowning.

31
Q

What are the major causes of drowning?

A

Alcohol or drugs

32
Q

What is dry drowning?

A

Occurs 10 - 20 %
Laryngeal spasm stops water from entering lungs, leading to anoxia
Have the best chance of resuscitation

33
Q

What is wet drowning?

A

Occurs 80 -90 % of the time
Violent respiratory effort caused by panic of drowning fills the lungs with water.

34
Q

What is secondary drowning?

A

Respiratory distress (usually pulmonary edema) that occurs from minutes to days after initial recovery.

35
Q

What is barotrauma?

A

Pressure is increased 1 atmosphere every 33 minutes

36
Q

How do lungs work when descending?

A

Compressed air in tanks keeps lungs expanded

37
Q

How do lungs work when ascending?

A

Air expands, forcing the diver to exhale more to keep the lungs from overinflating.

38
Q

What question to ask for diving emergencies?

A

Time under water, Number of dives, Depth of each dive and gas mixture in SCUBA tanks.

39
Q

What is an air embolism?

A

Presence of air bubbles in the central circulation. Caused by a diver holding his breath and resulting in alveoli rupture.

40
Q

What are symptoms of an air embolism?

A

Chest pain, SOB, pink and frothy sputum, vertigo, paresthesias, paralysis, seizures, tension pneumothorax and altered LOC

41
Q

What is nitrogen narcosis?

A

Development of apathy and euphoria due to increased levels of dissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream.

42
Q

Treatment for nitrogen narcosis?

A

Requires a gradual ascent.

43
Q

What is depression sickness?

A

It’s more commonly called the bends.
An illness that occurs during or after rapid ascent
Commonly occurs with repetitive dives.

44
Q

What are symptoms of decompression?

A

Torso rash
Pruritus
Pain in joints
Dizziness
Paralysis
SOB
Cardiovascular collapse

PCP (26 decks)

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