Abdominal Emergencies

Question 1

What are causes of abdomen pain?

Answer 1

Mechanical - distension, pulling and tearing.
Inflammatory - swelling
Ischemic - obstruction of blood flow

Question 2

What are types of ABD pain?

Answer 2

Parietal - intense, localized pain
Visceral - dull, diffuse, cramping

Question 3

What are some bleeds in GI tract?

Answer 3

Upper/Lower GI bleeds
Esophageal varices
Peptic ulcers

Question 4

What are some inflammatory disorders?

Answer 4

Gastritis, gastroenteritis, IBD, diverticulitis and peritonitis.

Question 5

What are types of accessory organ disorders?

Answer 5

Cholecystitis
Pancreatitis
Biliary colic
Appendicitis
Hepatitis

Question 6

What symptoms are shown for an upper bleed?

Answer 6

Coffee ground emesis
Hematemesis
Bright red emesis

Question 7

What are some examples of upper bleeds?

Answer 7

Peptic ulcer
Esophageal varies
Melina
Mallory Weiss tear

Question 8

What are symptoms of lower bleed?

Answer 8

Bright red blood

Question 9

What are examples of lower bleeds?

Answer 9

Ulcers
Hemorrhoids
Trauma

Question 10

What are peptic ulcers?

Answer 10

Ulcers in stomach
Causes are helicobacter pylori
Increased gastric secretions
Decreased mucosal secretions

Question 11

What causes Esophageal varices?

Answer 11

Trauma - high speed tears
Ulcers - caustic ingestion
Persistent/ violent vomiting

Varices - caused by liver cirrhosis which increases hepaportal pressure

Question 12

What causes gastritis?

Answer 12

Inflammation of stomach lining caused by alcohol, foods, drugs, ulcers, infections and bulimia/anorexia.

Question 13

What causes diverticulitis?

Answer 13

Outpouching with infection/inflammation.

Question 14

What causes gastroenteritis?

Answer 14

Inflammation of the mucosal lining of the GI tract.

Question 15

What causes IBD?

Answer 15

Ulcerative colitis and crohns disease
Caused by genetic and environmental factors.

Question 16

What is ulcerative colitis?

Answer 16

Inflammation is limited to inner lining of colon.
Periods of remittance and exacerbation

Question 17

What is crohns disease?

Answer 17

Inflammation of the Inner lining through the entire thickness of the bowel wall

Creates skipped lesions

Question 18

What is peritonitis?

Answer 18

Inflammation of the peritoneum.
True abdominal rigidity
True inability to lay flat
Intense pain

Question 19

What is appendicitis?

Answer 19

Inflammation of the appendix
Pain localized to McBurney’s point, starts at umbilicus.

Question 20

What is cholecystitis?

Answer 20

Inflammation of the gallbladder.
Caused by obstruction by a gallstone usually at the cystic duct.
RUQ pain shoots to Shoulder
Worse with fatty foods

Question 21

What is biliary colic?

Answer 21

Gallstones
2 major types are cholesterol gallstones and pigment gallstones

Question 22

How are pigment gallstones formed?

Answer 22

Formed in same way as cholesterol gallstones except more RBC are involved due to cirrhosis of liver.

Question 23

What are signs and symptoms for biliary colic?

Answer 23

Colicky RUQ pain
Shoulder pain
Worse with fatty foods

Question 24

What is pancreatitis?

Answer 24

Inflammation of the pancreas, caused by an obstruction or alcohol.

Question 25

What are signs and symptoms for pancreatitis?

Answer 25

Severe upper abdominal pain Radiating to back Not eating N/V Fever

Question 26

What are the functions of the liver?

Answer 26

Maintained of blood glucose level Lipid metabolism Protein metabolism Detoxify of drugs and hormones Excretion of bilirubin Bile production Phagocystosis

Question 27

What are the major functions of the kidney?

Answer 27

Regualtion of blood volume and composition Regulation of blood pH Regulation of hemocrit

Question 28

What are the renal failure stages?

Answer 28

Early stage 60% function of normal Renal insufficiency - 2nd stage Renal function 25% of normal End stage Renal failure Renal function less than 10% Renal failure

Question 29

What are the common causes of chronic Renal failure?

Answer 29

Hypertension and diabetes mellitus

Question 30

What is uremia?

Answer 30

Uremia is the buildup of nitrogenous waste that is normally excreted by the kidneys

Question 31

What are stages of acute renal failure?

Answer 31

Prerenal - sudden and severe drop in blood pressure Intrarenal - direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation Postrenal - sudden obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged prostate.

Question 32

What are UTI's?

Answer 32

Introduction and colonization of bacteria inside of the urethra.

Question 33

What is renal colic?

Answer 33

Known as kidney stones. Metabolic disorder Build up urea crystals in kidneys Spasms of ureter as stones pass

Question 34

What are symptoms of renal colic?

Answer 34

Extreme colicky pain Lower abdomen pain or back pain Dysuria

Question 35

What is PID?

Answer 35

Infection of a woman's reproductive organs. Infection spreads from cervix to the uterus, fallopian tube, ovaries and surrounding structures. Most common cause is gonorrhea and chlamydia

Question 36

Symptoms of AAA?

Answer 36

Unexplained hypotension Unexplained syncope Tearing or ripping pain in ABD or back.

Question 37

What is an ostomy?

Answer 37

For patients with gastric resections It is an opening through the skin of the abdomen into the intestine, where stool is formed.

Question 38

How many times to empty the pouch of an ileostomy?

Answer 38

4-6 times a day

Question 39

How many times a day to empty an colostomy pouch?

Answer 39

Once a day