A&P GI System Flashcards
What’s in the mouth?
Hard and soft palates
Salivary glands - parotids
Submandibular and sublingual
Tongue and teeth
What is the pharynx?
Extends from back of mouth to esophagus.
Contains the oropharynx and nasopharynx
What is the esophagus?
Laryngopharynx to the stomach
Mucosa, submucosa, muscular and advertitia.
What is stomach?
Four regions
Cardiac, funds, body and pylorus.
Histology
Mucosa, submicosa, muscularis.
What are the two sphincters?
Cardiac and pyloric
Where is the gastric pits?
Mucosa
What is in the gastric pits?
Mucus secreting cells, parietal cells, chief cells and enteroendocrine cells.
What is the small intestine?
Begins at pylori sphincter and ends at large intestine
2.5cm diameter and 3m long
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
What do the histology have?
Mucosa - Forms fingerlike projections called Villi
Increases surface area
Absorptive area is about 250 square meters
What is the largest intestine?
1.5m long from ileum to the Anusara
Contains cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal
How long is the cecum?
It is 6cm
What is the longest portion of the large intestine?
Colon.
How long is the rectum?
20cm long, anterior to sacrum and coccyx
What controls the anal canal?
Internal sphincter (involuntary) and external sphincter (voluntary)
How long is pancreas?
12 - 15 cm long
Where do secretions of the pancreas empty to?
It empties into two large ducts.
Pancreatic duct and accessory duct. That empties into the duodenum.
How is the liver and gallbladder divided?
By right and left lobe by the falciform ligament.
What does the liver and gallbladder covered by?
Visceral peritonuem
What are liver cells called?
Hepatocytes
What does the gallbladder do ?
It hold bile for the liver
What is the pH of bile?
7.6 to 8.6
Describe the movement of food in mouth
Mouth chews food, Salivary amylase breaks down starch and food forms lumps called bolus.
Movement of food in pharynx
Provides muscular contractions for swallowing. Has a voluntary and involuntary stage
Describe food in esophagus
Propels food down through perisitalisis
Mucus produced by esophageal glands
Cardiac sphincter relaxes to allow food to enter stomach
Describe the movement of food in stomach
Food is mixed into a soupy liquid called chyme
Salivary amylase is deactivated and lingual lipase is activated which digests triglycerides to fatty acids
Pepsin begins the digestion of proteins
Describe the movement of food in the small intestine
Peristaltic movements
Absorb nutrients through the microvilli
Produces intestinal juice which is slightly alkaline
Produces brush- border enzymes which help breakdown carbohydrates
Describe the movement of food in the pancreas
Pancreatic juice - contains water, salts, sodium bicarb and several enzymes.
Sodium bicarb buffers acidic gastric juice
Produces enzymes to break down proteins, triglycerides and nucleic acids
Describe the movement of food in the liver and gallbladder
Bile plays a big role in emulsification which is the breakdown of large lipid globular into droplets.
Liver has functions such as carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. Activation of vitamin D, excretion of bilirubin, storage phagocytosis and processing of drugs and hormones.
Describe the movement of food in the large intestine
Perisitalisis
No enzyme secretion
Bacteria is part of final digestion
Vitamin B and K are absorbed here as well as amino acids, water and electrolytes.
After 3-10hrs chyme has been turned into feces
Difference between catabolic and anabolic?
Catabolic produce energy and anabolic consumes more energy.
Examples of catabolism
Glycolosis and oxidation of glucose
Examples of anabolism
Glycogenesis and lipogenesis
