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Revision > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Iodine deficeincy

A

Most common cause of hypothyroidism globally and suspect in cases where iodine is not added to diet.

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2
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Triad of sweating, headaches and palpitations. investigate with urinary metanephrines

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3
Q

Nephrogenic DI

A

Urine osmolality low after fluid deprivation and desmopressin

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4
Q

Prolactinomas

A

First line treatment with dopamine agonists (cabergoline, bromocriptine)

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5
Q

Prednisolone

A

Steroids increase the risk of osteonecrosis

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6
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Symptoms include hypertension, headaches, muscle weakness and nocturia. Investigated with aldosterone/renin ratio

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7
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

Causes high LH and low testosterone

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8
Q

Wilm’s tumour and neuroblastoma

A

Refer any child with a palpable abdominal mass or unexplained enlarged organ very urgently to specialist

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9
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Parathyroid adenoma may have normal PTH level

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10
Q

SGT2 inhibitors

A

Increased risk of urinary tract infection

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11
Q

Sulfonylureas

A

Often cause weight gain

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12
Q

Angiotensin II receptor blocker

A

Used first line in all black T2DM patients with hypertension

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13
Q

Diabetes blood pressure

A

Aim for 135/85 home readings

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14
Q

Metoclopramide

A

Can cause galactorrhoea

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15
Q

Adrenal venous sampling

A

After inconclusive CT AVS can be used to determine between unilateral adenoma and bilateral hyperplasia in primary hyperaldosteronism

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16
Q

Bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia

A

Most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism

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17
Q

Pregabalin

A

Used in neuropathic pain with a history of benign prostatic hyperplasia

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18
Q

Adrenal insufficiency

A

Can occur on surgery after long term steroid use and needs IV hydrocortisone 100mg

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19
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Hyperglycaemia and ketones, man aged with immediate IV fluids then insulin infusion and potassium

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20
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Can induce neutrophilia

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21
Q

Smoking

A

Risk factor for Grave’s disease

22
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Hypokalaemia and metabolic acidosis seen

23
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Can cause hypoglycaemia

24
Q

Addison’s disease management

A

Prescribed hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone

25
MODY
Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern
26
Pretibial myzoedema
Specific feature of Grave's disease
27
Spironolactone
Can cause gynaecomastia
28
Goserelin
A GnRH agonist used in the management of prostate cancer | -can cause gynaecomastia
29
DKA
Stop short acting insulin but continue fixed rate long acting insulin
30
Addison's crisis
- hyponatraemia - hyperkalaemia - hypoglycaemia
31
Thyrotoxic storm
Consider in patients with Grave disease and infection | -give corticosteroids, PTU and propranolol
32
Cushing's disease
Low dose dexamethasone does not cause suppression but high dose does
33
Addison's disease
- tiredness | - hyperpigmentation
34
Levothyroxine
Needs to be increased in pregnancy by about 50% from 4-6 weeks
35
Metoclopramide
Can cause galactorrhoea
36
Diabetes type 2
Requires two abnormal HbA1c readings if asymptomatic
37
Acromegaly
Trans-sphenoidal surgery
38
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
- late presenting and aggressive - pressure symptoms including dysphagia - hoarseness
39
Grave's disease
Propranolol should be given to help control symptoms
40
Insulinoma
Whipple's triad of hypoglycaemia with fasting or exercise, reversal of symptoms with glucose and low BMs
41
DKA insulin
Give fixed rate intravenous insulin infusion at 0.1units/kg/hour
42
HbA1c
Target 48 mmol/mol for type two diabetes
43
Latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood
Slow autoimmune destruction of the islets
44
Levothyroxine
Iron and calcium carbonate tablets can reduce absorption of levothyroxine
45
Bromocriptine
Treatment for galactorrhoea
46
Myxoedema comas
- confusion - hypothermia - hyponatraemia - hypercarbia
47
Empagliflozin
SGLT-2 inhibitor
48
Primary hyperaldosteronism
The most common cause is bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia - high bp - muscle weakness - low K - high aldosterone to renin ratio
49
Sick euthyroid syndrome
- occurs post infection | - TSH low and free T4 low
50
Subacute thyroiditis
- low TSH - very high free T4 - tender goitre - raised ESR - globally reduced iodine uptake

Revision (18 decks)

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