Endocrine + Diabetes

Question 1

Desmopressin

Answer 1

V2 receptor agonist that replaces vasopressin; DI (not as useful in nephrogenic), nocturnal enuresis

Question 2

Octreotide, Lantreotide

Answer 2

Somatostatin receptor agonists that reduce GH secretion; acromegaly/gigantism

Question 3

Mifepristone (RU-486)

Answer 3

GR antagonist; Cushing syndrome and abortion

Question 4

Repaglinide, nateglinide

Answer 4

short-acting ATP-sensitive K channel blockers, increase insulin secretion; T2D

Question 5

Bromocriptine, cabergoline, quinagoline

Answer 5

D2 receptor agonists that reduces GH and prolactin; acromegaly/gigantism, hyperprolactinemia

Question 6

Pitocin

Answer 6

synthetic oxytocin; initation or improvement of contractions, control postpartum bleeding

Question 7

Exenatide, liraglutide

Answer 7

GLP-1 agonist (incretin), potentiate glucose-dependent insulin release, inhibit glucagon secretion, delay gastric emptying, reduce food intake, increase beta mass; T2D, SE: GI upset

Question 8

I131

Answer 8

concentration and destruction of thyroid; hyperthyroidism

Question 9

Liothyronine

Answer 9

replace or supplement T3; myxedema coma

Question 10

Fludrocortisone

Answer 10

MR agonist; Addison’s disease, SE: hypokalemia

Question 11

Metformin

Answer 11

activates 5’-AMP-kinase by increasing AMP (disrupts ETC)- decreases hepatic glucose secretion, burns fat while still taking up glucose, increase insulin receptors on surface, increase GLUT4 glucose transporters; T2D

Question 12

Spironolactone,, eplerenone

Answer 12

MR agonist antagonist; Adrenal hyperplasia/adenoma, CHF, cirrhosis with ascities, nephrotic syndrome, SE: hyperkalemia

Question 13

Conivaptan

Answer 13

V1A, V2 receptor antagonist; hyponatremia

Question 14

Propylthiouracil (PTU)

Answer 14

thioamide that is alternative substrate for TPO (thyroperoxidase), inhibition of thyroxin synthesis, and inhibition of coupling to form thyroglobulin, inhibition of T4–>T3; hyperthyroidism, SE: hepatotoxicitiy, agranulocytosis, less teratogenic!

Question 15

Dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, empagliflozin

Answer 15

SGLT-2 inhibitor, let the glucose flow in the urine; T2D, SE: UTI, genital yeast infection, dehydration

Question 16

Mitotene

Answer 16

Inhibits ACAT1 (acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1), intended to reduce cortisol synthesis; Cushing syndrome

Question 17

Glyburide (aka glibenclamide), glipizide, glimeperide

Answer 17

long-acting ATP-sensitive K channel blockers, increase insulin secretion; T2D, SE: weight gain, hypoglycemia

Question 18

Levothyroxine

Answer 18

replace or supplement T4; hypothyroidism

Question 19

Tolvaptan

Answer 19

V2 receptor antagonist; hyponatremia

Question 20

Ketoconazole, Metyrapone

Answer 20

11B-hydroxylase inhibitors, reduce cortisol synthesis in Cushing syndrome

Question 21

KI

Answer 21

Inhibition of TH synthesis and release, reduction of thyroid vascularity, reduction of thyroid cell proliferation; preparative to thyroidectomy in hyperthyroidism

Question 22

Prednisone, methylprednisolone，Hydrocortisone, Triamcinolone, Beclomethasone, Fluticasone, Budesonide, Ciclesonide, Mometasone

Answer 22

GR agonist; immunosuppressant, Addison’s disease, cancer chemotherapy, SE: osteoporosis, thin skin, poor wound healing, easy bruising, central obesity, buffalo hump, moon face, hyperglycemia

Question 23

Dexmethasone

Answer 23

GR agonist; test ectopic ACTH/pituitary problem- glucocorticoid feedback regulation, immunosuppressant; SE: N/V

Question 24

Aminoglutethimide

Answer 24

Inhibits conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, intended to reduce cortisol synthesis; Cushing syndrome

Question 25

Somatotropin

Answer 25

GH deficiency, Turner's syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, chronic renal insufficiency, AIDS wasting syndrome

Question 26

Sitagliptin, saxagliptin

Answer 26

DPP-IV inhibitors, slow breakdown of GLP-1 and GIP and increasing incretin levels; T2D, SE: Joint pain

Question 27

Insulin

Answer 27

T1+2D, SE: weight gain, hypoglycemia

Question 28

Methimazole

Answer 28

thioamide that is alternative substrate for TPO, inhibition of thyroxin synthesis and coupling to form TG; hyperthyroidism, SE: teratogenic b/c crosses placenta

Question 29

Pegvisomant

Answer 29

GH receptor antagonist, normalizes IGF-1; acromegaly/gigantism

Question 30

Pasireotide

Answer 30

Somatostatin 5 receptor agonist, suppresses ACTH secretion and therefore cortisol synthesis; Cushing syndrome

Question 31

Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone

Answer 31

PPAR-y (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) activators, increase fat storage, blocks lipolysis, blocks cytokine formation (TNFa, IL-6), increase adiponectin; T2D, SE: weight gain, fluid retention