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Board Associations > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

pyramidal lobe derivation

A

thyroglossal duct

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2
Q

fetal cortisol purpose

A

lung maturation&surfactant production

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3
Q

zona glomerulosa function

A

release aldosterone

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4
Q

zona fasiculata function

A

release cortisol

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5
Q

zona reticularis function

A

release androgens

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6
Q

most common medullary tumors

A

pheochromocytoma(adults), neuroblastoma(kids)

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7
Q

pituitary derivation

A

posterior-neuroectoderm, anterior-oral ectoderm(rathke)

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8
Q

pancreas delta cells secrete

A

somatostatin

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9
Q

acidophilic hormones

A

GH, prolactin

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10
Q

GLUT locations

A

1=brain/RBC, 2=liver/kidney/intestine/betacell, 4=skeletal/adipose

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11
Q

insulin upregulators

A

hyperglycemia, b2 antagonists, GH

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12
Q

insulin downregulators

A

hypoglycemia, a2 agonists, somatostatin

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13
Q

TRH&CRH effects

A

TRH-TSH&prolactin, CRH-ACTH/MSH/endorphins

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14
Q

Prolactin effects

A

inhibit GnRH, milk

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15
Q

dopamine agonist

A

bromocriptine

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16
Q

HTN, low sex hormones low cortisol enzyme

A

17-alpha hydroxylase

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17
Q

hypotension, high sex hormones low cortisol enzyme

A

21 hydroxylase

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18
Q

HTN high sex hormones low cortisol enzyme

A

11 beta hydroxylase

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19
Q

T3 functions

A

Bone growth, Brain maturation, Beta1 adrenergic effects, BMR increase( via Na/K ATPase increase)

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20
Q

T4 to T3 converter

A

5-deiodinase

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21
Q

Cortisol effects

A

BBIIG-decrease Bone, BP(alpha 1), increase Insulin Resistance, Immunosuppress(block IL2/hist/eos/leuko adhesion/PG/LKT), increase gluconeogenesis

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22
Q

PTH location

A

chief cells parathyroid (parafollicular=calcitonin)

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23
Q

PTH Phosphate effects

A

increase bone/intestinal resorption, decrease PCT resorption

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24
Q

PTH stimulates osteoclasts through

A

RANK-L&M-CSF

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25
Q

Mg effects on PTH

A

low upregulates, very low downregulates

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26
Q

vitamin D effects(1,25)

A

increase bone/gut resorption of both Ca&P

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27
Q

cAMP hormones

A

FLAT ChAMP (FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH, MSH, PTH, glucagon, calcitonin, GHRH)

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28
Q

IP3 hormones

A

GGOAT(GHRH, GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH, TRH, histamine, angiotensin II, gastrin)

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29
Q

cGMP hormones

A

ANP, NO

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30
Q

intrinsic tyrosine kinase MAP kinase hormones

A

insulin&all GF(IGF, PDGF etc.)

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31
Q

receptor tyrosine kinase JAK/STAT pathway

A

PIG(prolactin, immunomodulator-cytokines, GH)

32
Q

most common pituitary adenoma

A

prolactinoma

33
Q

GH adenoma association

A

diabetes (Tx-octreotide-somatostatin analog)

34
Q

post pregnancy concern

A

sheehan syndrome(loss pubic hair/poor lactation)

35
Q

SIADH associations

A

renal cell carcinoma, CNS trauma, pulmonary infection. Tx-demeclocycline

36
Q

Graves pathology

A

IgG stimulates TSH-R, exopthalmos/pretibial myxedema

37
Q

thyroid peroxidase actions

A

Ioidide organification, coupling, oxidation

38
Q

thyroid storm Tx

A

PTU+BB+steroids(death by catecholamine arrhythmia)

39
Q

cretinism findings

A

5 Ps-Pot belly, Pale, Puffy face, Protruding umbilicus, Protuberant tongue

40
Q

myxedema characteristics

A

doughy feel, increase glycosaminoglycans

41
Q

Hashimoto’s association

A

HLA-DR5, anti-thyroid/antimicrosomal antibodies, Huerthl cells. Bcell lymphoma

42
Q

tender thyroid no progression post viral infection

A

subacute (deQuervian) granulomatous thyroiditis

43
Q

reidels fibrosing thyroiditis

A

hard as wood thyroid-extends to local structures

44
Q

thyroid biopsy method

A

fine needle aspiration

45
Q

thyroid adenoma pathology

A

capsule-benign

46
Q

most common thyroid tumor+pathology

A

papillary carcinoma-orphan annie nuclei(white clearing) excellent prognosis

47
Q

follicular carcinoma pathology

A

spreads beyond capsule(cant distinguish from adenoma)

48
Q

blood spreading carcinomas

A

follicular, renal cell, hepatocellular &choriocarcinomas

49
Q

medullary carcinoma hallmark

A

high calcitonin(some deposits as amyloid)

50
Q

MEN2A lesions

A

medullary carcinoma of thyroid, pheochromocytoma, parathyroid adenoma (RET oncogene association)

51
Q

MEN2B lesions

A

pheochromocytoma, medullary, ganglioneuromas( mucosa)

52
Q

most common high PTH

A

parathyroid adenoma(acute pancreatitis, high urinary cAMP/alkaline phoshphatase)

53
Q

DiGeorge embryonic cause

A

failure to form 3rd/4th pharyngeal pouch(hypothyroid)

54
Q

pseudohypoparathyoidism genetics

A

autosomal dominant (short stature+short 4th/5th digits)

55
Q

Type I diabetes association

A

HLA-DR3 or 4

56
Q

type II diabetes pathology

A

amyloid filled islets

57
Q

type II hyperosmolar coma difference from ketoacidosis

A

no ketone bodies

58
Q

osmotic damage from DM

A

schwann cells, pericytes anyeurism, cataracts(aldose reductase forming sorbitol)

59
Q

MEN1 lesions

A

parathyroid hyperplasia, pituitary adenoma, islet cell tumor

60
Q

c peptide findings

A

high=insulinoma, low=injected insulin

61
Q

gastrinoma findings

A

zollinger ellison(multiple peptic ulcers extend to jejunum)

62
Q

somatostatinoma symptoms

A

achlorhydra(inh gastrin), cholelithiasis/steatorrhea(inh CCK)

63
Q

VIPoma symptoms

A

watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria

64
Q

Cushing’s presentation

A

excess cortisol(buffalo hump/moon facies, HTN, osteoporosis, immunosuppression-IL2,phospholipase A2)

65
Q

dexamethasone suppression test

A

suppresses pituitary secretion of ACTH not exogenous

66
Q

aldosterone effects

A

principal cell &intercalated collecting duct(HTN, metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, hypernatremia)

67
Q

waterhouse friedrichson cause

A

Neisseria-DIC-bilateral necrosis-hypotension

68
Q

chromaffin cell origin

A

neural crest

69
Q

pheochromocytoma pathology

A

brown tumor, high urine VMA/metanephrines (Tx-phenoxybenzamine-alpha block before surgery)

70
Q

pheochromocytoma associations

A

MEN2A/B, NF1, VHL

71
Q

von hippel lindau lesions

A

pheochromocytomas, hemangioblastoma cerebellum, renal cell carcinoma

72
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis findings

A

kussmaul breathing, fruity breath, anion gap acidosis

73
Q

carcinoid tumor cell type

A

neuroendocrine(Tx-octreotide-somatostatin)

74
Q

sulfonuria MOA

A

(ide’s)close K+ channel releasing=insulin release

75
Q

metformin toxicity

A

lactic acidosis(contraindicated in renal failure)

76
Q

demeclocycline use/SE

A

ADH antagonist, causes nephrogenic DI

77
Q

propylthiouracil/methimazole difference

A

both block thyroid peroxidase, PTU blocks 5-deiodinase

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