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Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

pyramidal lobe derivation

A

thyroglossal duct

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2
Q

fetal cortisol purpose

A

lung maturation&surfactant production

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3
Q

zona glomerulosa function

A

release aldosterone

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4
Q

zona fasiculata function

A

release cortisol

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5
Q

zona reticularis function

A

release androgens

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6
Q

most common medullary tumors

A

pheochromocytoma(adults), neuroblastoma(kids)

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7
Q

pituitary derivation

A

posterior-neuroectoderm, anterior-oral ectoderm(rathke)

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8
Q

pancreas delta cells secrete

A

somatostatin

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9
Q

acidophilic hormones

A

GH, prolactin

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10
Q

GLUT locations

A

1=brain/RBC, 2=liver/kidney/intestine/betacell, 4=skeletal/adipose

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11
Q

insulin upregulators

A

hyperglycemia, b2 antagonists, GH

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12
Q

insulin downregulators

A

hypoglycemia, a2 agonists, somatostatin

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13
Q

TRH&CRH effects

A

TRH-TSH&prolactin, CRH-ACTH/MSH/endorphins

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14
Q

Prolactin effects

A

inhibit GnRH, milk

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15
Q

dopamine agonist

A

bromocriptine

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16
Q

HTN, low sex hormones low cortisol enzyme

A

17-alpha hydroxylase

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17
Q

hypotension, high sex hormones low cortisol enzyme

A

21 hydroxylase

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18
Q

HTN high sex hormones low cortisol enzyme

A

11 beta hydroxylase

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19
Q

T3 functions

A

Bone growth, Brain maturation, Beta1 adrenergic effects, BMR increase( via Na/K ATPase increase)

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20
Q

T4 to T3 converter

A

5-deiodinase

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21
Q

Cortisol effects

A

BBIIG-decrease Bone, BP(alpha 1), increase Insulin Resistance, Immunosuppress(block IL2/hist/eos/leuko adhesion/PG/LKT), increase gluconeogenesis

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22
Q

PTH location

A

chief cells parathyroid (parafollicular=calcitonin)

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23
Q

PTH Phosphate effects

A

increase bone/intestinal resorption, decrease PCT resorption

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24
Q

PTH stimulates osteoclasts through

A

RANK-L&M-CSF

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25
Mg effects on PTH
low upregulates, very low downregulates
26
vitamin D effects(1,25)
increase bone/gut resorption of both Ca&P
27
cAMP hormones
FLAT ChAMP (FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH, MSH, PTH, glucagon, calcitonin, GHRH)
28
IP3 hormones
GGOAT(GHRH, GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH, TRH, histamine, angiotensin II, gastrin)
29
cGMP hormones
ANP, NO
30
intrinsic tyrosine kinase MAP kinase hormones
insulin&all GF(IGF, PDGF etc.)
31
receptor tyrosine kinase JAK/STAT pathway
PIG(prolactin, immunomodulator-cytokines, GH)
32
most common pituitary adenoma
prolactinoma
33
GH adenoma association
diabetes (Tx-octreotide-somatostatin analog)
34
post pregnancy concern
sheehan syndrome(loss pubic hair/poor lactation)
35
SIADH associations
renal cell carcinoma, CNS trauma, pulmonary infection. Tx-demeclocycline
36
Graves pathology
IgG stimulates TSH-R, exopthalmos/pretibial myxedema
37
thyroid peroxidase actions
Ioidide organification, coupling, oxidation
38
thyroid storm Tx
PTU+BB+steroids(death by catecholamine arrhythmia)
39
cretinism findings
5 Ps-Pot belly, Pale, Puffy face, Protruding umbilicus, Protuberant tongue
40
myxedema characteristics
doughy feel, increase glycosaminoglycans
41
Hashimoto's association
HLA-DR5, anti-thyroid/antimicrosomal antibodies, Huerthl cells. Bcell lymphoma
42
tender thyroid no progression post viral infection
subacute (deQuervian) granulomatous thyroiditis
43
reidels fibrosing thyroiditis
hard as wood thyroid-extends to local structures
44
thyroid biopsy method
fine needle aspiration
45
thyroid adenoma pathology
capsule-benign
46
most common thyroid tumor+pathology
papillary carcinoma-orphan annie nuclei(white clearing) excellent prognosis
47
follicular carcinoma pathology
spreads beyond capsule(cant distinguish from adenoma)
48
blood spreading carcinomas
follicular, renal cell, hepatocellular &choriocarcinomas
49
medullary carcinoma hallmark
high calcitonin(some deposits as amyloid)
50
MEN2A lesions
medullary carcinoma of thyroid, pheochromocytoma, parathyroid adenoma (RET oncogene association)
51
MEN2B lesions
pheochromocytoma, medullary, ganglioneuromas( mucosa)
52
most common high PTH
parathyroid adenoma(acute pancreatitis, high urinary cAMP/alkaline phoshphatase)
53
DiGeorge embryonic cause
failure to form 3rd/4th pharyngeal pouch(hypothyroid)
54
pseudohypoparathyoidism genetics
autosomal dominant (short stature+short 4th/5th digits)
55
Type I diabetes association
HLA-DR3 or 4
56
type II diabetes pathology
amyloid filled islets
57
type II hyperosmolar coma difference from ketoacidosis
no ketone bodies
58
osmotic damage from DM
schwann cells, pericytes anyeurism, cataracts(aldose reductase forming sorbitol)
59
MEN1 lesions
parathyroid hyperplasia, pituitary adenoma, islet cell tumor
60
c peptide findings
high=insulinoma, low=injected insulin
61
gastrinoma findings
zollinger ellison(multiple peptic ulcers extend to jejunum)
62
somatostatinoma symptoms
achlorhydra(inh gastrin), cholelithiasis/steatorrhea(inh CCK)
63
VIPoma symptoms
watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria
64
Cushing's presentation
excess cortisol(buffalo hump/moon facies, HTN, osteoporosis, immunosuppression-IL2,phospholipase A2)
65
dexamethasone suppression test
suppresses pituitary secretion of ACTH not exogenous
66
aldosterone effects
principal cell &intercalated collecting duct(HTN, metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, hypernatremia)
67
waterhouse friedrichson cause
Neisseria-DIC-bilateral necrosis-hypotension
68
chromaffin cell origin
neural crest
69
pheochromocytoma pathology
brown tumor, high urine VMA/metanephrines (Tx-phenoxybenzamine-alpha block before surgery)
70
pheochromocytoma associations
MEN2A/B, NF1, VHL
71
von hippel lindau lesions
pheochromocytomas, hemangioblastoma cerebellum, renal cell carcinoma
72
diabetic ketoacidosis findings
kussmaul breathing, fruity breath, anion gap acidosis
73
carcinoid tumor cell type
neuroendocrine(Tx-octreotide-somatostatin)
74
sulfonuria MOA
(ide's)close K+ channel releasing=insulin release
75
metformin toxicity
lactic acidosis(contraindicated in renal failure)
76
demeclocycline use/SE
ADH antagonist, causes nephrogenic DI
77
propylthiouracil/methimazole difference
both block thyroid peroxidase, PTU blocks 5-deiodinase

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