Endocrine Flashcards
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4 things about hormones
maintain homeostasis
control growth and development
reproduction
metabolism
what are hormones?
chemical messengers
define hormones
chemicals secreted by cells that regulate the metabolic activity of other cells
3 types of hormones
amino acid based, steroids, prostoglandins
some amino acid based hormones
proteins, peptides, amines
steroids are made from
cholesterol
target cells/organs are affected by
hormones
target cells/organs must have specific
protein receptor to bind w the hormone
4 effects of hormones
change permeability/electrical state of plasma membrane
synthesis of proteins (enzymes) in cell
control of enzymes
mitosis
work by diffusing into the nucleus of cells and triggering the synthesis fo mRNA=> protein synthesis
steroid hormones
work by binding to cell’s surface and activating an enzyme that causes the production of a secondary messenger that promotes a typical cell response
non steroid hormones
chief mechanism of regulating levels of hormones
negative feedback
describe negative feedback
stimulus triggers release of a hormone; rising levels of that hormone inhibits its release
3 stimulus for release
hormonal, humoral, neural
most common stimulus for release
hormonal
example of hormonal stimulus
hypothalamus stimulate pituitary gland
stimulus by levels of nutrients and ions
humoral
example of humoral stimulus
decreasing Ca ions levels causes release of para thyroid hormone
stimulation by nerve fibers
neural
examle of neural stimulus
stimulation of adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine and epinephrine during stress
What r the endocrine organs?
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus glands, pancreas, the gonads, and hypothalamus
endocrine glands are
ductless, release hormones into blood or lymph
exocrine glands release hormones through
ducts at the body surface or into cavities
size of a grape and hangs by a stalk from inferior surface fo hypothalamus
pituitary gland
4 hormones from the posterior pituitary gland
GH, prolactin, gonadotropic hormones, luteinizing hormone
GH stimulates
growth of skeletal muscle and long bones
similar to GH, stimulates milk production
prolactin
regulate other hormonal activity such as FSH
gonadotropic hormones
stimulates follicle development in females and sperm production in males
follicle stimulating hormone
triggers ovulation and development of corpus luteum which produces progesterone and estrogen in females and in males stimulates testosterone production
luteinizing hormone
is controlled by hormones of the hypothalamus
anterior pituitary gland
produced by hypothalamus, stored by pituitary
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones
aids in ejecting milk during breast feeding
oxytocin
inhibits/prevents urine production
antidiuretic hormone
alcohol inhibits
ADH
thyroid gland makes
thyroid hormone and calcitonin
at base of throat, 2 lobes joined by a central mass
thyroid gland
what are 2 thyroid hormones that have similar actions?
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
what r 3 things that T3 and T4 control?
rate of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism
tissue growth and development in reproductive and nervous systems
basic metabolic rate
what is required to produce T3 & T4?
iodine
regulates calcium and phosphate levels in blood
calcitonin
increasing levels of calcium in blood causes
release of calcitonin
calcitonin inhibits
reabsorption of calcium by bone
calcitonin increases excretion
of calcium and phosphate by kidneys
located on posterior surface of thyroid
parathyroid gland
increases blood calcium levels and decreases blood phosphate levels
parathyroid hormone
top of kidneys
adrenal gland
what r the 3 groups of steroid hormones the adrenal cortex produces?
mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones
regulates sodium and potassium concentrations in blood
mineralocorticoids
mineralocorticoids target organs are the
kidneys
name 2 glucocorticoids
cortisone and cortisol
2 things about glucocorticoids
promote normal cell metabolism
control inflammation and reduce pain
name 2 sex hormones
androgens and estrogens
2 things about sex hormones
supplement sex hormones from the gonads
stimulate early development of reproductive organs
produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
adrenal medulla is stimulated by
nervous system
3 things epinephrine and norepinephrine do
increases heart rate and BP, and glucose levels
dilates small passageways of lungs
what r the pancreas’ dual functions?
exocrine gland, secretes digestive jiuces
endocrine gland, secretes hormones
endocrine portion of pancreas
islets of Langerhans
secretes insulin and glucagon-regulate sugar in the blood
islets of Langerhans
insulin
decreases blood glucose levels and promotes fat production
pineal gland
roof of third ventricle of brain, secretes melatonin
melatonin
controls cyclic activities such as sleep/wake and female reproductive cycles
increases blood glucose levels
glucagon
posterior to sternum
decreases w age
produces thymosin (T cells)
3 things about thymus
ovaries and testes
gonads
produces estrogens
ovaries
2 things estrogens do
stimulate secondary sex characteristics
w progesterone, prepares uterus to receive fertilized egg
produces androgens and testosterone
testes
2 things testosterone do
controls development of adult male characteristics
controls sperm production
