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Body Defenses Flashcards

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0
Q

4 disease causing agents

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans

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1
Q

Infection

A

Presence of a disease -causing agent

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2
Q

Non- specific defenses

A

Defenses which act against any type of invading agents (infection)

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3
Q

Name five non-specific defenses

A

Mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, fever, inflammation, phagocytosis

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4
Q

Mechanical barriers

A

First lines of defense

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5
Q

What are some mechanical barriers?

A

Skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions

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6
Q

Chemical barriers

A

Substances in saliva, mucus, and gastric juices=> anti microbial

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7
Q

Interferon

A

Interferes with replication of viruses

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8
Q

Inflammation

A

Defensive response to tissue damage from microbial infection

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9
Q

What r four defensive responses due to inflammation

A

Increase in the temperature at site of infection
Redness
Swelling
Pain

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10
Q

Inflammatory process

A
  1. Penetration of physical barrier
  2. Damaged cells release histamine and bradykinin
  3. Capillaries dilate=>more blood=>redness and warming
  4. Capillaries are more permeable=> fluids accumulate in tissues=>swelling (edema)
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11
Q

May be a part of the inflammatory process

A

Blood clotting and scab formation, bacteria multiply, phagocytes enter tissues and engulf bacteria

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12
Q

Fever

A

Systemic increase in body temperature; an oral temp above 37.8 C

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13
Q

What is a normal temp?

A

37C in science class, 98.6 F

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14
Q

What temp does death occur?

A

43 C

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15
Q

Benefits of a fever

A

Raises temp above optimum for pathogen growth (slows)
Increases immune response which increases chemical reaction rate
Causes host to feel ill and get rest

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16
Q

Non-motile phagocytic cells

A

Macrophages

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17
Q

Found in lymph nodes, spleen, liver and lungs and remove foreign particles from lymph, blood and body tissues

A

Macrophages

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18
Q

8 types of specific defenses

A

immunity, innate immunity, acquired immunity, active immunity, immunization, passive immunity, naturally acquired passive immunity, artificially acquired passive immunity

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19
Q

ability of an organism to recognize and defend against infection

A

immunity

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20
Q

hereditary response dependent upon non-specific mechanisms

A

innate immunity

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21
Q

2 types of acquired immunity

A

active and passive

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22
Q

immunity acqired by some manner other than heredity

A

acquired immunity

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23
Q

three things about active immunity

A

created by organism’s immune system
immune system produces antibodies or other defenses against a recognized infectious agent
lasts weeks, months, years, or a lifetime

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24
Q

from exposure to live weakened, or dead organisms or inactive toxins

A

immunization

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25
Q

artificially acquired immunity

A

immunization, vaccine

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26
Q

what triggers the immune response and what can it be against?

A

antigens, the infectious agent or its toxins

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27
Q

created when ready-made antibodies are intoduced into, not created by an organism

A

passive immunity

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28
Q

antibodies are transferred from one person to another as in mother to fetus or infant

A

naturally acquired passive immunity

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29
Q

artificially acquired passive immunity

A

antibodies are received from another host (horse or rabbit)

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30
Q

antigen

A

a recognized foreign substance which causes the body to initiate an immune response

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31
Q

proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, nucleoproteins, glycolipids can all be

A

antigens

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32
Q

found on surface of invading cells

A

antigens

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33
Q

immune response is towards specific groups of

A

antigens

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34
Q

hapten acts as

A

an antigen when bound to surface of protein molecule

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35
Q

antibodies

A

proteins produced in response to an antigen (anti-antigens)

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36
Q

three things about antibodies

A

bind to antigens
do not destroy pathogens, but help other cells or molecules destroy or inactivate it
attach to antigen and then connects to macrophage=> enhances phagocytosis

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37
Q

antibodies are also called

A

immunoglobulins or Ig

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38
Q

4 classes of immunoglobulins

A

IgA, D, E, G

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39
Q

found primarily in mucus, tears, and saliva-attack before pathogens enter internal tissues

A

IgA

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40
Q

receptor sites of B cells primarily in blood and lymph

A

IgD

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41
Q

attach to mast cells and basophils: stimulate gistamine release when attached to antigen, inflammation

A

IgE

42
Q

most common atibody in blood and lymph: directly attacks microbes and toxins-most involved in Secondary Response, lag time

A

IgG

43
Q

develop from lymphoid cells produced in bone marrow. Leave bone marrow as mature cells and migrate to lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, and certain gut tissues

A

B lymphocytes

44
Q

what causes B cell to secrete an antibody?

A

an antigen binding to immunoglobulin

45
Q

B memory cells are involved in

A

Secondary response

46
Q

develop from lymphoid cells produced in bone marrow. Leave bone marrow as immature cells and migrate to Thymus Gland.

A

T Lymphocytes

47
Q

What hormone causes T cells to mature in the Thymus Gland?

A

thymosin

48
Q

stimulate other immune cells (B cells and macrophages) to mount an attack

A

Helper T cells

49
Q

when they “bump” into an antigen, they kill that cell on the spot,

A

cytotoxic (killer) T cells

50
Q

3 kinds of cells that Cytotoxic/ killer cells kill:

A

cells infected w viruses or microorganisms
cancerous cells that have changed so as to be recognized as not “self”
cells that are mutated and may become cancerous

51
Q

inhibit T and B cell activites and moderate the immune response

A

suppressor T cells

52
Q

3 kinds of T cells

A

cytotoxic, helper, and suppressor

53
Q

upon activation; increased metabolism, movement, and phagocytotic activity in response to certain stimuli

A

macrophages

54
Q

present foreign peptide fragments to lymphocytes which generate an immune response

A

macrophages

55
Q

defense against bacteria, toxins, and viruses that have not entered the cells

A

B cells and antibody mediated immunity

56
Q

an antigen stimulates mature B cells to multiply (divide) and mature. Then the population of B cells release specific antibodies for that specific antigen

A

b cells and antibody mediated immunity

57
Q

primary ressponse in B cells and anibody mediated immunity

A

immune system first encounters an antigen=> lag time of several days while a population of B cells build to release significant amounts of antibodies

58
Q

Secondary response in B cells and antibody mediated immunity

A

population of B cells are produced during Primary Response, but remain inactive=> Memory B cells.
This population becomes active during subsequent infections by same agent=> lag time is reduced

59
Q

defense against viruses, bacteria, etc. that have entered the cells

A

T cells and cell mediated immunity

60
Q

How are T cells first activated?

A

exposure to an antigen in order to initiate an immune response

61
Q

Killer T cells roam through injured tissues and when they encounter a target antigen, they kill the cell by

A

rupturing the antigenic cell by release of perforin
kill the antigenic cell by release of poisonous lymphotoxin
activating the antigenic cell’s genes that tell it to die

62
Q

how long can response lag time be before Killer T cell population reach effective levels?

A

2 or more days

63
Q

what do memory T cells do?

A

ensure no delay in response to subsequent infections

64
Q

four things Helper T cells do upon activation

A

stimulate T cell division to produce Memory T cells and Cytotoxic T cells
enhance non-specific defenses by attracting macrophages, preventing their departure and stimulating phagocytosis
stimulate natural Killer cells to attack cancerous cells and cells containing viruses
promote B cell division, plasma cell maturation, and antibody production

65
Q

complex series of proteins produced by the liver that work to fight infection, degrade cell membranes, enhance inflammation and phagocytosis, and bind to microbe covered with antibodies (marks bacteria)

A

compliment system

66
Q

anamnestic response

A

prompt immune response due to recall of memory cells

67
Q

auto immune disease

A

individuals are hyper sensitive to antigens on cells of their own body

68
Q

ravenous microphage after it migrates into tissues

A

monocyte

69
Q

monoclonal antibody

A

single pure antibody produced in a laboratory

70
Q

the quantity of a substance needed to produce a certain reaction

A

titer

71
Q

opsonization

A

coating microorganisms w antibodies to enhance phagocytic activity against them

72
Q

results from an inappropriate or inadequate immune response

A

immunological disorder

73
Q

inappropriate immune response

A

hypersensitivity

74
Q

responding to a usually ignored antigen

A

allergy

75
Q

what cells release histamine during allergic response?

A

mast cells

76
Q

histamine causes

A

inflammation

77
Q

inadaquate immune response, inborn or aquired defects in lymphocytes

A

immunodeficiency

78
Q

four types of hypersensitivity

A

immediate, cytotoxic, immune complex, cell mediated

79
Q

anaphylaxis

A

an immediate, exaggerated allergic reaction to antigens, usually leading to detrimental effects

80
Q

2 steps of immediate hypersensitvity mechanism

A

sensitization and triggering

81
Q

describe sensitization in immediate hypersensitivity mechanism

A

(1st exposure to allergen)

B cells activated, produce IgE antibodies, they attach to mast cells in respiratory and GI tracts and basophils in blood

82
Q

during sensitization, IgE binding sites of antibodies on mast and basophil cells are free to

A

bind w allergen

83
Q

describe the second exposure to allergen (triggering) in the immediate Hypersensitivity Mechanism

A

allergen attaches and cross-links IgE antibodies on mast cells and basophils
cross-linking=> degranulation=>rapid release of preformed mediators
preformed mediators dilate capillaries, cause constriction of bronchial smooth muscle

84
Q

what are the preformed mediators released during triggering and what is the effect?

A

histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrines
they dilate capillaries, cause constriction of brochial smooth muscle, increase mucus secretion, stimulate nerve endings=>pain and itching

85
Q

immune response occurrs first at site where allergen enters body=>redness, swelling and itching

A

localized anaphylaxis

86
Q

localized anaphylaxis (inhaled)

A

inflammation of mucus membranes fo respiratory tract=> runny nose and watery eyes

87
Q

inflammation of mucus membranes of digestive tract=abdominal pain, and diarrhea ( some skin rashes)

A

ingested localized anaphylaxis

88
Q

generalized anaphylaxis

A

system reaction

89
Q

respiratory anaphylaxis

A

airways become constricted and filled with mucus

90
Q

blood vessels dilate causing sudden drop on blood pressure

A

anaphylactic shock

91
Q

cytotoxic hypersensitivity sensitization

A

first exposure to an antigen on a plasma membrane (RBC)=> B cell sensitized to produce antibodies

92
Q

Secondary exposure in cytotoxic hypersensitiviy

A

B cells produce antibodies=> antibodies bind to surface fo cells w antigens=> phagocytosis, K cell activity, lysis

93
Q

results from antigen-antibody complexes

A

immune complex hypersensitivity

94
Q

2 parts of immune complex hypersensitivity

A

sensitization,
secondary exposure=> basophil and mast cells release histamine. Phagocytes release hydrolytic enzymes which cause tissue damage

95
Q

2 steps of cell mediated hypersensitivity (delayed hypersensitivity)

A

sensitization=> activation of T cells

secondary exposure=> T cells release cytokines=> inflammation and attract macrophages

96
Q

poison ivy, TB skin test

A

secondary exposure in cell mediated hypersensitiviy

97
Q

an immune disorder in which individuals are hypersensitive to antigens on cell of their own body

A

autoimmune disorder

98
Q

myasthenia Gravis results in

A

paralysis

99
Q

IgG autoantibodies block or reduce in numbers acetylcholine receptors on muscle cells (acetylcholine initiates muscle contraction)

A

Myasthenia Gravis

100
Q

immune system attacks the cartilage of joints=> inflammation and destruction of cartilage, mainly in hands and feet

A

rheumatoid arthritis

101
Q

most people w systemic lupus erythematosus eventually die from

A

kidney failure

102
Q

describe what happens when a person gets Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

autoantibodies are made against DNA components
immune complexes are deposited btwn dermis and epidermis, in blood vessels, joints, glomeruli of kidneys and central nervous system=> inflammation and interference w normal functions: blood vessels, heart valves, joints

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