ELECTROLYTES

Question 1

What amount (mmol/L) of sodium causes hyponatremia?

Answer 1

Less than 133

Question 2

What amount (mmol/L) of sodium causes hypernatremia?

Answer 2

> 146

Question 3

What amount (mmol/L) of potassium causes Hypokalemia?

Answer 3

<3.5

Question 4

What amount (mmol/L) of potassium causes Hyperkalemia?

Answer 4

> 5.5

Question 5

What amount (mmol/L) of calcium causes Hypocalemia?

Answer 5

<2.12

Question 6

What amount (mmol/L) of calcium causes Hypercalemia?

Answer 6

> 2.65

Question 7

What amount (mmol/L) of phosphate causes Hypophosphatemia?

Answer 7

<0.7

Question 8

What amount (mmol/L) of phosphate causes Hyperphosphatemia?

Answer 8

> 1.4

Question 9

What amount (mmol/L) of magnesium causes Hypomagnesemia?

Answer 9

<0.6

Question 10

What amount (mmol/L) of magnesium causes Hypermagnesemia?

Answer 10

> 1.1

Question 11

What are the 5 disease states that cause hyponatremia?

Answer 11

Loss from burns
Severe exudative skin lesions
Infection
Addison disease
SAIDH.

Question 12

What 5 drugs cause hyponatremia?

Answer 12

diuretics
carbamazepine
antidepressants
antipsychotics
PPIs

Question 13

What are 8 symptoms of hyponatremia?

Answer 13

headache, cramps, circulatory failure, confusion, convulsions, postural hypotension, fatigue, weakness

Question 14

What are the 5 disease states that cause hypernatremia?

Answer 14

Insufficient fluid intake.
Excessive water loss in diarrhoea/vomiting.
Sodium retention.
Cushing syndrome.
Uncontrolled diabetes.​

Question 15

What 3 drugs cause hypernatremia?

Answer 15

NSAIDs,
Corticosteroids
Lithium

Question 16

Symptoms of hypernatremia?

Answer 16

lethargy
coma
fever, tachycardia, hypertension, dizziness, increased thirst, oedema​

Question 17

What are the 4 causes of hypokalaemia?

Answer 17

inadequate intake
re-feeding syndrome
hyperaldosteronism
Loss from gastro-intestinal secretions e.g. diarrhoea​

Question 18

What 5 drugs cause hypokalaemia?

Answer 18

diuretics
corticosteroids
Aminoglycoside Abx
theophylline
salbutamol, insulin

Question 19

What are the 6 consequences of Hypokalaemia?

Answer 19

muscular weakness, respiratory failure, paralysis, constipation, cardiac arrhythmias, sudden death

Question 20

What are the causes of hyperkalaemia?

Answer 20

renal failure, metabolic acidosis, hypoaldosteronism, tumour lysis syndrome

Question 21

What drugs cause hyperkalaemia?

Answer 21

K-sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, NSAIDs, heparins, digoxin, trimethoprim

Question 22

What are consequences of hyperkalaemia?

Answer 22

arrhythmias, muscle weakness, tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, fatigue, dizziness, confusion, paralysis​

Question 23

What are the causes of hypocalcemia?

Answer 23

vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, respiratory alkalosis

Question 24

What drugs cause hypocalcemia?

Answer 24

bisphosphonates, phenytoin, rifampicin, chemotherapy

Question 25

What are the consequences of hypocalcemia?

Answer 25

Generally asymptomatic In severe cases: paranesthesia of the face, muscle spams, convulsions, and cardiac dysthymias (bradycardia, hypotension, arrythmias, QT prolongation)​

Question 26

What are the causes of hypercalcemia?

Answer 26

primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, dehydration, bone diseases ​

Question 27

What drugs cause hypercalcemia?

Answer 27

diuretics, lithium, digoxin, Vitamin D and A​

Question 28

What are the consequences of hypercalcemia?

Answer 28

bone pain and fractures, kidney stones, fatigue, depression, drowsiness, anorexia, confusion, disorientation.

Question 29

What are the causes of hypophosphatemia?

Answer 29

inadequate intake, alcoholism, reduced absorption, increase insulin secretion, acute respiratory alkalosis, hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency​.

Question 30

What 2 drugs cause hypophophatemia?

Answer 30

bisphosphonates and cisplatin​

Question 31

What are the side effects of Hypophosphatemia?

Answer 31

mild irritability, confusion, delirium, seizures, arrythmias, muscle weakness, respiratory difficulties​

Question 32

What are the causes of hyperphosphatemia?

Answer 32

impaired excretion due to renal impairment or hypoparathyroidism, extracellular release from crash injury or acidosis, tumour lysis syndrome, diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 33

What are the consequences of hyperphosphatemia?

Answer 33

generally asymptomatic, but in severe cases: muscle cramps, delirium, seizures.​

Question 34

What are the causes of hypomagnesemia?

Answer 34

abnormal loss from gastro-intestinal secretions such as diarrhoea, inadequate intake, chronic alcoholism, accompanying hypokalaemia/ hypocalcaemia​

Question 35

What drugs cause hypomagesemia?

Answer 35

aminoglycoside antibiotics, bisphosphonates, immunosuppressants, diuretics, digoxin, PPIs​

Question 36

What are the consequences of hypomagnesemia?

Answer 36

agitation, confusion, tremors, small muscle contraction, ventricular arrhythmias, ECG changes​

Question 37

What are the causes of hypermagnesemia?

Answer 37

haemolysis, renal failure, excessive, oral intake, diabetes ketoacidosis, trauma, tumour lysis sydrome​

Question 38

What drugs cause hypermagnesemia?

Answer 38

antacids, lithium toxicity

Question 39

What are the consequences of hypermagnesemia?

Answer 39

nausea, vomiting, weakness, reduced tendon reflexes, dizziness, drowsiness, slurred speech, respiratory depression.

Question 40

What are 6 subsections under LFTS?

Answer 40

Bilirubin​ Albumin​ Alanine Transferase (ALT) Liver specific​ Aspartate Transaminase (AST) Liver sensitive​ Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)​ Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)​

Question 41

What are the 2 functions of measuring serum creatinine?

Answer 41

Breakdown product of the muscle ​ Changes in creatinine levels can give an estimate of renal function​ Concentration dependent on muscle mass​

Question 42

What is the equation for creatinine clearance?

Answer 42

(140-age) X weight X F / serum creatinine (mmol/L)

Question 43

What should urea levels be?

Answer 43

(2.5 – 7.8 mmol/l)

Question 44

What electrolyte imbalance does omeprazole cause?

Answer 44

hypomagnesaemia