ELECTROLYTES Flashcards
What amount (mmol/L) of sodium causes hyponatremia?
Less than 133
What amount (mmol/L) of sodium causes hypernatremia?
> 146
What amount (mmol/L) of potassium causes Hypokalemia?
<3.5
What amount (mmol/L) of potassium causes Hyperkalemia?
> 5.5
What amount (mmol/L) of calcium causes Hypocalemia?
<2.12
What amount (mmol/L) of calcium causes Hypercalemia?
> 2.65
What amount (mmol/L) of phosphate causes Hypophosphatemia?
<0.7
What amount (mmol/L) of phosphate causes Hyperphosphatemia?
> 1.4
What amount (mmol/L) of magnesium causes Hypomagnesemia?
<0.6
What amount (mmol/L) of magnesium causes Hypermagnesemia?
> 1.1
What are the 5 disease states that cause hyponatremia?
Loss from burns
Severe exudative skin lesions
Infection
Addison disease
SAIDH.
What 5 drugs cause hyponatremia?
diuretics
carbamazepine
antidepressants
antipsychotics
PPIs
What are 8 symptoms of hyponatremia?
headache, cramps, circulatory failure, confusion, convulsions, postural hypotension, fatigue, weakness
What are the 5 disease states that cause hypernatremia?
Insufficient fluid intake.
Excessive water loss in diarrhoea/vomiting.
Sodium retention.
Cushing syndrome.
Uncontrolled diabetes.
What 3 drugs cause hypernatremia?
NSAIDs,
Corticosteroids
Lithium
Symptoms of hypernatremia?
lethargy
coma
fever, tachycardia, hypertension, dizziness, increased thirst, oedema
What are the 4 causes of hypokalaemia?
inadequate intake
re-feeding syndrome
hyperaldosteronism
Loss from gastro-intestinal secretions e.g. diarrhoea
What 5 drugs cause hypokalaemia?
diuretics
corticosteroids
Aminoglycoside Abx
theophylline
salbutamol, insulin
What are the 6 consequences of Hypokalaemia?
muscular weakness, respiratory failure, paralysis, constipation, cardiac arrhythmias, sudden death
What are the causes of hyperkalaemia?
renal failure, metabolic acidosis, hypoaldosteronism, tumour lysis syndrome
What drugs cause hyperkalaemia?
K-sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, NSAIDs, heparins, digoxin, trimethoprim
What are consequences of hyperkalaemia?
arrhythmias, muscle weakness, tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, fatigue, dizziness, confusion, paralysis
What are the causes of hypocalcemia?
vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, respiratory alkalosis
What drugs cause hypocalcemia?
bisphosphonates, phenytoin, rifampicin, chemotherapy
What are the consequences of hypocalcemia?
Generally asymptomatic
In severe cases: paranesthesia of the face, muscle spams, convulsions, and cardiac dysthymias (bradycardia, hypotension, arrythmias, QT prolongation)
What are the causes of hypercalcemia?
primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, dehydration, bone diseases
What drugs cause hypercalcemia?
diuretics, lithium, digoxin, Vitamin D and A
What are the consequences of hypercalcemia?
bone pain and fractures, kidney stones, fatigue, depression, drowsiness, anorexia, confusion, disorientation.
What are the causes of hypophosphatemia?
inadequate intake, alcoholism, reduced absorption, increase insulin secretion, acute respiratory alkalosis, hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency.
What 2 drugs cause hypophophatemia?
bisphosphonates and cisplatin
What are the side effects of Hypophosphatemia?
mild irritability, confusion, delirium, seizures, arrythmias, muscle weakness, respiratory difficulties
What are the causes of hyperphosphatemia?
impaired excretion due to renal impairment or hypoparathyroidism, extracellular release from crash injury or acidosis, tumour lysis syndrome, diabetic ketoacidosis
What are the consequences of hyperphosphatemia?
generally asymptomatic, but in severe cases: muscle cramps, delirium, seizures.
What are the causes of hypomagnesemia?
abnormal loss from gastro-intestinal secretions such as diarrhoea, inadequate intake, chronic alcoholism, accompanying hypokalaemia/ hypocalcaemia
What drugs cause hypomagesemia?
aminoglycoside antibiotics, bisphosphonates, immunosuppressants, diuretics, digoxin, PPIs
What are the consequences of hypomagnesemia?
agitation, confusion, tremors, small muscle contraction, ventricular arrhythmias, ECG changes
What are the causes of hypermagnesemia?
haemolysis, renal failure, excessive, oral intake, diabetes ketoacidosis, trauma, tumour lysis sydrome
What drugs cause hypermagnesemia?
antacids, lithium toxicity
What are the consequences of hypermagnesemia?
nausea, vomiting, weakness, reduced tendon reflexes, dizziness, drowsiness, slurred speech, respiratory depression.
What are 6 subsections under LFTS?
Bilirubin
Albumin
Alanine Transferase (ALT) Liver specific
Aspartate Transaminase (AST) Liver sensitive
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)
What are the 2 functions of measuring serum creatinine?
Breakdown product of the muscle
Changes in creatinine levels can give an estimate of renal function
Concentration dependent on muscle mass
What is the equation for creatinine clearance?
(140-age) X weight X F / serum creatinine (mmol/L)
What should urea levels be?
(2.5 – 7.8 mmol/l)
What electrolyte imbalance does omeprazole cause?
hypomagnesaemia
