Ecological Model and Disparities in PA Flashcards
METs for moderate PA:
4.0-6.9
Broad categories of moderate PA:
- active recreation
- active transportation
- household chores and yard work
- playing games (catching and throwing)
Give examples of active recreation moderate PA.
- hiking
- skateboarding
- rollerblading
- canoeing
Give examples of active transportation moderate PA.
- cycling
- brisk walking
Give examples of household chores and yard work moderate PA.
- sweeping
- pushing a lawn mower
METs for vigorous PA:
> of equal to 7.0 METs
Give examples of vigorous PA.
- active games involving running and chasing
- fast bicycle riding
- jumping rope
- martial arts
- sports (hockey, basketball, swimming, soccer, tennis etc.)
- vigorous dancing
- cross-country skiing
- aerobics
Give examples of muscle strengthening activity.
- games (tug of war)
- push ups
- resistance exercises using body weight, res. bands, weight machines, free weights
- rope or tree climbing
- sit-ups
- swinging on playground equipment
- chores that require lifting and carrying
4 Domains of Human Development:
- affective
- motor
- cognitive
- physical
Development:
changes we experience as we go through life
Development is viewed as a _____ system: ____ ____ process, extending from _____ to _____.
- dynamic
- perpetually ongoing
- concept to birth
Development is molded by a complex network of ______, _______, ______ ______, and ______ influences.
- biological
- psychological
- social
- cultural
- historical
Maturation:
aspects of development that are primarily genetic and relatively uninfluenced by the environment
Experience:
environmental influences
4 things that development is:
- lifelong
- multidimensional and multidirectional
- highly plastic
- affected by multiple, interacting forces
Cognitive domain:
- things surrounding intellectual development
- brain function
Affective domain:
social-emotional
Motor domain:
- human movement
- developing motor skills
Physical domain:
- all types of development involving bodily change
- ex. weight, height
Give examples of interacting domains.
- sport performance influenced by emotional state
- muscular strength (physical) can influence athletic performance (motor)
- person’s body mass (physical) can influence their feelings of self worth (affective)
Give examples of maturation/biology.
- height
- learning how to walk
Give examples of experience/environment.
- learning language, vocabulary
- reading books
- self esteem, feelings of self worth
How is development lifelong?
- no single age period that is superior to the other
- each period has its own unique demands and opportunities
How is development multidimensional?
- biological
- psychological
- social
- cultural
- historical influences
How is development multidirectional?
- growth and decline within each age period
- ex. child decides to focus on sports more than arts
- people can develop skills at all ages within personal an environmental limits
- ex. over time, cognition may decline, but wisdom may increase
How is development highly plastic?
- at all ages, we are able to learn new things
- over time, development becomes less plastic
- varies within people
How is development affected by multiple interacting forces?
- pathways of change are diverse
- forces can be categorized into normative and non normative
Development is affected by what 2 multiple interacting forces?
- normative influences
- non-normative influences
What are the 2 types of normative influences?
- age graded
- history graded
What are age graded influences?
- strongly related to age
- highly predictable for when they occur, how long they last
- often influenced by biology but can be influenced by social customs as well
Give examples of age graded influences.
- learning how to walk
- puberty
- getting license at 16
What are history graded influences?
- influenced by forces unique to a specific era
- can explain why different cohorts tend to be more alike than other cohorts
- can be due to generations
Give example history graded influences.
- depression
- war
- technological advances
- millennials: ipads, smartphones
Non-normative influences:
- not dependent on age
- vary by person
- ex. having a good teacher
Neuroplasticity:
the brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life
Give an example of neuroplasticity.
backwards bicycle
Children (6-11) have _____ athletic ability.
improved
Youth (11-18) have ______, _____ to adult sized body, and _____ maturity.
- puberty
- growth
- sexual maturity
In children, thought is more _____, while in youth, thought is ______ and ______.
- logical
- abstract and idealistic
Children have advances in ______, _____, and _____.
- self-understanding
- morality
- friendship
Youth have ____ from the family.
autonomy
Children have ___ ____ ____ begin.
peer-group membership
Youth define personal _____ and _____.
goals and values
Girls have an edge in:
- agility
- balance
Boys have an edge in:
gross motor movements
4 stages in cognitive development:
- sensorimotor period (0-2 years)
- preoperational stage (2-7 years)
- concrete operational stage (7-11 years)
- formal operations stage (11+ years)
What happens in the sensorimotor period?
from helpless newborns to thinking and knowing toddlers
What happens in the preoperational stage?
- can solve practical concrete problems through means-end problem solving, using tools and requesting things
- symbolic thought
- lack of logical framework for thought
Symbolic thought:
- symbols or internal images are used to represent things that aren’t there
- pretend play
- egocentric (blanket on head, don’t pass)
What happens in the concrete operational stage?
- use of logic
- conservation and perspective taking
- kids focused on rules, concerned with rule breaking
- better spatial awareness
- motor planning is important
Conservation:
- if an amount of liquid or play doh remains the same based on appearance
- have troubles moving from concrete to abstract
- ex. telling kids to spread out
What happens in the formal operations stage?
- rationale and logical ideas
- using logical rules to infer new information without actually viewing the new information
- abstract thought
- can think of scientific methods
Disparity in PA for overall PA in children and youth.
C > Y
Disparity in PA for active play in children and youth.
C > Y
Disparity in PA for active transportation in children and youth.
- peaks in tweens
- independent enough
- driving at 16
Disparity in PA for sports participation in children and youth.
declines at 15
Disparity in PA for physical education in children and youth.
- declines in high school
- optional in high school
Participation in sport ____ over time (peaks around ___) and then drops.
- increases
- 15
Why does sport participation drop from 16-18?
- don’t have time
- concerned with academics
Why is sport participation low in early years?
- playing outside
- playing with friends
- naturally progresses into sport
Give 4 reasons PA declines over the years.
- independence
- harder to access when you get older
- psychological
- social
How does PA decline due to independence?
- invest time in other things
- too cool for some groups
How does PA decline due to psychological reasons?
- body image
- girls don’t want to sweat
How does PA decline due to social reasons?
- people have negative experiences in gym class
- comparison with peers as they get older
- concerned with social status
In the study of 10 countries, after ___ years of age, there was an average cross sectional decrease of ___% in total PA with each additional year of age.
- 5 years
- 4.2%
Why does PA tend to decline after age 5?
- kids start school
- sitting more
Why does PA decrease?
- likely a combination of social, psychological, and physical factors
- maturation
How does maturation decrease PA?
- decrease in countries/cultures
- as we mature, our body tends to slow down
- ex. females reaching puberty, conserving energy
Disparities in PA for overall PA in boys and girls:
B > G
Disparities in PA for active play in boys and girls:
B > G
Disparities in PA for active transportation in boys and girls:
B > G
Disparities in PA for sports participation in boys and girls.
same in both
Disparities in PA for PE in boys and girls:
not reported
Who tends to engage in a lot more MVPA? Boys or girls?
boys
Why do boys tend to engage in MVPA more than girls?
- boys can potentially make a career out of sports (adolescence)
- some girls just less interested
- girls might have negative experiences in gym class (ex. boys don’t pass to girls)
- boys have more testosterone
- boys tend to be more energetic in early years
Physical maturity (biological age):
- years from attainment of peak height velocity (somatic maturity)
- measure of biological age in terms of height
Why is there a significant difference between boys and girls’ physical maturity?
- no gender differences if we look at peak instead of age
- girls mature 2 years earlier than boys, bodies slow down earlier
In South Korean adolescents, _____ _____ did not explain _____ differences.
- pubertal maturation
- sex/gender
Pubertal development for girls:
year of menarche (first menstruation)
Pubertal development for boys:
year of spermarche (first ejaculation)
Why does culture determine gender differences in South Korean adolescents?
- girls expected to be girly (passive, nurturing)
- education fever (15 hours/day studying, no time for PA)
Disparities in PA for overall PA in SES.
not reported
Disparities in PA for active play in SES.
low > high
Disparities in PA for active transportation in SES.
low > high
Disparities in PA for sports participation in SES.
high > low
Disparities in PA for PE in SES.
not reported
Lower SES might give their kid more…
- time to roam
- working jobs, don’t have time to watch their kid
As household income increases, PA _____ despite being differences in active play and active transportation.
increases
More money =
- less pressure to get job in high school
- more time for school sports
Why else would low SES lead to less PA?
- sports are expensive
- time
- values (not sport participation)
