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KIN 338 > Early Sport Specialization > Flashcards

Early Sport Specialization Flashcards

1
Q

PRINT LTAD

A

**

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2
Q

Pros of LTAD:

A
  • good goals
  • framework
  • consistency
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3
Q

Cons of LTAD:

A
  • focused on physiology and motor skills
  • doesn’t take psychological needs into account
  • little evidence to support
  • may endorse overtraining/early specialization
  • focuses on skill development in the younger years only
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4
Q

DMSP stands for:

A

Developmental Model of Sport Participation

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5
Q

Deliberate play:

A
  • informal sport games
  • enjoyment
  • intrinsic motivation
  • similar to active play
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6
Q

Deliberate practice:

A
  • highly structured
  • skill development
  • involves effort
  • performance
  • extrinsic motivation
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7
Q

Deliberate play is done…

A

for its own sake

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8
Q

Deliberate practice is done…

A

to achieve a future goal

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9
Q

In deliberate play, interest is…

A

on the behaviour

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10
Q

In deliberate play, interest is…

A

in outcome of the behaviour

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11
Q

Deliberate play is ____ enjoyable.

A

very

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12
Q

Deliberate practice is _____ enjoyable.

A

not

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13
Q

Deliberate play is ____ quality.

A

pretend

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14
Q

Deliberate practice is carried out _____.

A

seriously

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15
Q

Deliberate play has _____.

A

flexibility

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16
Q

Deliberate practice has ____ _____.

A

explicit rules

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17
Q

In deliberate play, adult involvement ____ required.

A

not

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18
Q

In deliberate practice, adult involvement _____ required.

A

often

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19
Q

Triangle model for recreational participation through sampling:

A
  • ages 6-12: sampling years

- ages 12+: recreational years

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20
Q

Triangle model for elite performance through sampling:

A
  • ages 6-12: sampling years
  • ages 13-15: specializing years
  • ages 16+: investment years
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21
Q

Triangle model for elite performance through early specialization:

A

early specialization

22
Q

Recreational participation through sampling includes:

A
  • wide variety of activities
  • high levels of deliberate play
  • low levels of deliberate practice
  • sampling many different activities
  • more focus on fun than specific skill development
  • enjoyment, health > competition, performance
23
Q

Elite performance through sampling includes:

A
  • high levels of deliberate play in various activities
  • over time, amount of play decreases, amount of practice increases (at age 13 they are equal)
  • engage in fewer activities as they get older
  • investment years: pick 1 activity to focus on performance in this
24
Q

Elite performance through early specialization includes:

A
  • focus on 1 sport
  • large number of deliberate practice activities
  • starts as early as 6-7
25
Q

Early sport specialization is defined using 3 criteria. What is the first?

A

participation in intensive training and/or competition in organized sports greater than 8 months per year (essentially year round)

26
Q

Early sport specialization is defined using 3 criteria. What is the second?

A

participation in one sport to the exclusion of participation in other sports (limited free play overall)

27
Q

Early sport specialization is defined using 3 criteria. What is the third?

A

involving prepubertal (seventh grade or roughly age 12 years and younger) children

28
Q

Probable outcomes of recreational participation through sampling:

A
  • recreational participation
  • enhanced physical health
  • enhanced psycho-social development
29
Q

Probable outcomes of elite performance through sampling:

A
  • elite performance
  • enhanced physical health
  • enhanced enjoyment of sport
30
Q

Short term probable outcomes of elite performance through early specialization:

A
  • elite performance
  • reduced physical health (more likely to have overuse injuries)
  • reduced enjoyment
  • burnout
  • dropout
  • lower unstructured free play
31
Q

Long term probable outcomes of elite performance through early specialization:

A

decreased sport participation as adults

32
Q

Why has there been an increase in early sport specialization over the last few decades?

A
  • sports is more popular
  • parents pushing kids
  • status comes with being a good athlete or having a kid that is a good athlete
  • on the podium (building athletes to make the olympics)
  • everyone looks up to pro sports (money, fame)
  • media coverage
  • belief that early sport specialization and deliberate practice will lead to elite performance
  • professionalization of youth sport and shift towards extrinsic goals
33
Q

ISSP 7 postulates: 1. Early diversification (sampling) does not hinder elite sport participation in sports where…

A

peak performance is reached after maturation

34
Q

ISSP 7 postulates: 2. Early diversification (sampling) is linked to ….

A

a longer sport career and had positive implications for long-term sport involvement

35
Q

ISSP 7 postulates: 3. Early diversification (sampling) allows participation in a range of contexts that most favourably affect _____ _____ ______.

A

PYD

36
Q

ISSP 7 postulates: 4. High amounts of _____ play during the sampling years build a solid foundation of _____ _____ through involvement in activities that are ______ and promote _____ ______.

A
  • deliberate
  • intrinsic motivation
  • enjoyable
  • intrinsic regulation
37
Q

ISSP 7 postulates: 5. High amounts of ______ play during the sampling years establishes a range of _____ and ______ experiences that children can ultimately bring to their _____ _____ of interest.

A
  • deliberate
  • motor
  • cognitive
  • principal sport
38
Q

ISSP 7 postulates: 6. Around the end of primary school, children have the opportunity to either choose …

A

to specialize in their favourite sport or to continue in a sport at a recreational level

39
Q

ISSP 7 postulates: 7. Late adolescents have developed the _____, _____, ____, _____, and ____ skills needed to invest their effort into _____ _____ training in ______ sport.

A
  • physical
  • cognitive
  • social
  • emotional
  • motor
  • highly specialized
  • one
40
Q

When might early specialization not result in negative consequences, such as burnout?

A
  • having a choice is important
  • making sure people in environment are supportive
  • in sports where peak comes early (ex. gymnastics)
41
Q

Is early specialization in swimming related to burn out and drop out?

A
  • no markers of early specialization were related to burn out
  • swim training volume and total years of swimming more than 8 months/year were positively related to intentions to continue swimming
42
Q

Cairney et al. (2018) examined whether participation in _____ sport and PA were longitudinally associated with decreased or increased _______ _____ ____ ____ across middle childhood (grade 5) to adolescence (grade 8) in Ontario.

A
  • organized

- discretionary active free play

43
Q

Finding from Cairney et al. (2018):

A

children and youth who participate more in organized sport and PA also report participation in more discretionary active play

44
Q

Selection effect:

A

those who naturally like to be active will find ways to be active

45
Q

Gateway effect:

A

those who are involved in sport can facilitate confidence etc that help their discretionary play

46
Q

Cairney et al. (2018) provides evidence for …

A

the value of participation in multiple sports

47
Q

Over scheduling hypothesis:

A

kids in too much sport won’t have time for active play

48
Q

Limitations of Cairney et al. (2018):

A
  • self report measures

- just looking at number of sports, not amount of time

49
Q

To support athletic competition and long-term health, experts recommend ____ _____ _____ before < or equal to ___ years old.

A
  • early sport sampling

- 12 years old

50
Q

Early sport specialization often leads to reduced _____ and ______ health of athletes as well as _____ _____ ______ in adulthood.

A
  • physical
  • mental
  • lower sport participation
51
Q

Whether early sport specialization leads to ____ ____, ____ ____, or less _____ ____ ____ ____ is unclear.

A
  • burn out
  • drop out
  • unstructured active free play

KIN 338 (19 decks)

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