Early Sport Specialization Flashcards
1
Q
PRINT LTAD
A
**
2
Q
Pros of LTAD:
A
- good goals
- framework
- consistency
3
Q
Cons of LTAD:
A
- focused on physiology and motor skills
- doesn’t take psychological needs into account
- little evidence to support
- may endorse overtraining/early specialization
- focuses on skill development in the younger years only
4
Q
DMSP stands for:
A
Developmental Model of Sport Participation
5
Q
Deliberate play:
A
- informal sport games
- enjoyment
- intrinsic motivation
- similar to active play
6
Q
Deliberate practice:
A
- highly structured
- skill development
- involves effort
- performance
- extrinsic motivation
7
Q
Deliberate play is done…
A
for its own sake
8
Q
Deliberate practice is done…
A
to achieve a future goal
9
Q
In deliberate play, interest is…
A
on the behaviour
10
Q
In deliberate play, interest is…
A
in outcome of the behaviour
11
Q
Deliberate play is ____ enjoyable.
A
very
12
Q
Deliberate practice is _____ enjoyable.
A
not
13
Q
Deliberate play is ____ quality.
A
pretend
14
Q
Deliberate practice is carried out _____.
A
seriously
15
Q
Deliberate play has _____.
A
flexibility
16
Q
Deliberate practice has ____ _____.
A
explicit rules
17
Q
In deliberate play, adult involvement ____ required.
A
not
18
Q
In deliberate practice, adult involvement _____ required.
A
often
19
Q
Triangle model for recreational participation through sampling:
A
- ages 6-12: sampling years
- ages 12+: recreational years
20
Q
Triangle model for elite performance through sampling:
A
- ages 6-12: sampling years
- ages 13-15: specializing years
- ages 16+: investment years
21
Q
Triangle model for elite performance through early specialization:
A
early specialization
22
Q
Recreational participation through sampling includes:
A
- wide variety of activities
- high levels of deliberate play
- low levels of deliberate practice
- sampling many different activities
- more focus on fun than specific skill development
- enjoyment, health > competition, performance
23
Q
Elite performance through sampling includes:
A
- high levels of deliberate play in various activities
- over time, amount of play decreases, amount of practice increases (at age 13 they are equal)
- engage in fewer activities as they get older
- investment years: pick 1 activity to focus on performance in this
24
Q
Elite performance through early specialization includes:
A
- focus on 1 sport
- large number of deliberate practice activities
- starts as early as 6-7
25
Early sport specialization is defined using 3 criteria. What is the first?
participation in intensive training and/or competition in organized sports greater than 8 months per year (essentially year round)
26
Early sport specialization is defined using 3 criteria. What is the second?
participation in one sport to the exclusion of participation in other sports (limited free play overall)
27
Early sport specialization is defined using 3 criteria. What is the third?
involving prepubertal (seventh grade or roughly age 12 years and younger) children
28
Probable outcomes of recreational participation through sampling:
- recreational participation
- enhanced physical health
- enhanced psycho-social development
29
Probable outcomes of elite performance through sampling:
- elite performance
- enhanced physical health
- enhanced enjoyment of sport
30
Short term probable outcomes of elite performance through early specialization:
- elite performance
- reduced physical health (more likely to have overuse injuries)
- reduced enjoyment
- burnout
- dropout
- lower unstructured free play
31
Long term probable outcomes of elite performance through early specialization:
decreased sport participation as adults
32
Why has there been an increase in early sport specialization over the last few decades?
- sports is more popular
- parents pushing kids
- status comes with being a good athlete or having a kid that is a good athlete
- on the podium (building athletes to make the olympics)
- everyone looks up to pro sports (money, fame)
- media coverage
- belief that early sport specialization and deliberate practice will lead to elite performance
- professionalization of youth sport and shift towards extrinsic goals
33
ISSP 7 postulates: 1. Early diversification (sampling) does not hinder elite sport participation in sports where...
peak performance is reached after maturation
34
ISSP 7 postulates: 2. Early diversification (sampling) is linked to ....
a longer sport career and had positive implications for long-term sport involvement
35
ISSP 7 postulates: 3. Early diversification (sampling) allows participation in a range of contexts that most favourably affect _____ _____ ______.
PYD
36
ISSP 7 postulates: 4. High amounts of _____ play during the sampling years build a solid foundation of _____ _____ through involvement in activities that are ______ and promote _____ ______.
- deliberate
- intrinsic motivation
- enjoyable
- intrinsic regulation
37
ISSP 7 postulates: 5. High amounts of ______ play during the sampling years establishes a range of _____ and ______ experiences that children can ultimately bring to their _____ _____ of interest.
- deliberate
- motor
- cognitive
- principal sport
38
ISSP 7 postulates: 6. Around the end of primary school, children have the opportunity to either choose ...
to specialize in their favourite sport or to continue in a sport at a recreational level
39
ISSP 7 postulates: 7. Late adolescents have developed the _____, _____, ____, _____, and ____ skills needed to invest their effort into _____ _____ training in ______ sport.
- physical
- cognitive
- social
- emotional
- motor
- highly specialized
- one
40
When might early specialization not result in negative consequences, such as burnout?
- having a choice is important
- making sure people in environment are supportive
- in sports where peak comes early (ex. gymnastics)
41
Is early specialization in swimming related to burn out and drop out?
- no markers of early specialization were related to burn out
- swim training volume and total years of swimming more than 8 months/year were positively related to intentions to continue swimming
42
Cairney et al. (2018) examined whether participation in _____ sport and PA were longitudinally associated with decreased or increased _______ _____ ____ ____ across middle childhood (grade 5) to adolescence (grade 8) in Ontario.
- organized
| - discretionary active free play
43
Finding from Cairney et al. (2018):
children and youth who participate more in organized sport and PA also report participation in more discretionary active play
44
Selection effect:
those who naturally like to be active will find ways to be active
45
Gateway effect:
those who are involved in sport can facilitate confidence etc that help their discretionary play
46
Cairney et al. (2018) provides evidence for ...
the value of participation in multiple sports
47
Over scheduling hypothesis:
kids in too much sport won't have time for active play
48
Limitations of Cairney et al. (2018):
- self report measures
| - just looking at number of sports, not amount of time
49
To support athletic competition and long-term health, experts recommend ____ _____ _____ before < or equal to ___ years old.
- early sport sampling
| - 12 years old
50
Early sport specialization often leads to reduced _____ and ______ health of athletes as well as _____ _____ ______ in adulthood.
- physical
- mental
- lower sport participation
51
Whether early sport specialization leads to ____ ____, ____ ____, or less _____ ____ ____ ____ is unclear.
- burn out
- drop out
- unstructured active free play
