earth science test chapter 4 Flashcards
what is a renewable and nonrenewable source
renewable can be produced in a lifetime but a nonrenewable resource takes a really long time. longer than a lifetime.
what are in fossil fuels
coal,oil, and natural gases
hwhat can be good substitues for declining petro supplies.
tar sands and oil shales fuel.
what do some of the most important mineral deposits form through
igneous proccess and they form hydrothermal solutions.
why are nonmetallic mineral resources extracted and processed
for their nonmetallic elements or their physical and chemical properties
what is hot water and steam used for
heat is used for heating stuff and steam is used to turn turbines to make electricity
explain how tidal power is harnessed to use turbines and electric generators
people build a dam across the bay or tidal river, in coastal areas with a large difference in high and low tides the strong in and out flow that results drives turbines and electric generators.
what are the two advantages of solar energy
the fuel is free and it is nonpolluting.
explain nuclear fission
the nuclie of heavy atoms are bombarded with neutrons then the nuclei gets split into smaller piecs and emits neutrons and heat energy.
in the next 50-60 years what type of power can sustain 5-10% of electricity.
wind power
what is a reservoir. what type of energy it got
a large lake behind a dam. it has potential energy to make electricity.
why is the chemicap compostion of the atmosphere important
what is one of the things that helps maintain life on earth
what does earths soil and forests provide for humans
mineral and energy resources
what is americas most important air pollution law
the clean air act
what does protecting land resources involve
preventing pollution and using the resources of the land wisely
what year did the gov pass several laws to protect pollution and protect resourcesd
1970, becuase of major pollution incidents
what is a collector
a black glass covered box on a roof that abosrbs the rays sunshine and heats up the inside of it. The heat warms or water in pipes that pass through
what is a mineral resource
a deposit of useful minerals that can be extracted. an ore is a mineral that can be mined for profit
what are 3 major fossil fuels
petroleum,natural gas, and coal
what is a major source of pollution
burning fossil fuels
what do petroleum and natural gas form from
the remains of dead organisms, like algae, plants
hydroelectric power produces energy using…
flowing water
what mineral is most used in power plants
uranium
what is point source pollution
the pollution is directly identifiable
what is the unnatural warming of the atmosphere near eaths surface called
greenhouse effect
what is the careful use of resources called
conservation
what was the clean air act
it limited certain pollutants in the air
what type of pollution did the clean water act get rid off
sewage
what is a major negative impact of the use of fossil fuels
global warming
what is the difference between a mineral resource and a ore
a mineral resource is a deposit of useful minerals, while an ore is just for profit
how do solar collectors work
the sun shines on them and they store that sunlight and pass it on to recievers where it is turned into heat and used to generate electricity
why do hydroelectric dams have a limited lifetime
because other natural erosion forces slowly weaken the dam structure, and sediments build up behind dams
why is freshwater a vital source
everyone needs water to survive
what are some ways farmers protect land resources
by not doing tilling, planting cover crops, and doing crop rotations
why is an anticline a good place to search for petro, gas
because oil is ligheter than water is would go to a higher spot underground, so its easier to get .
what are three things you can do to prevent water pollution
don’t litter, wash your car where the water cna go on grass not the street, put fertalizers back on grass if they get to paved areas
what are three things you can do to save energy
turn of your lights is you don’t need them on, dont plug something in for too long and let it stay their, walk instead of drive,
what does ozone do for us
protects us from the suns UV rays
how is energy produced in a nuclear energy generator
use heat produced during atomic fission to boil water and produce pressurized steam. The steam is routed through the reactor steam system to spin large turbines blades that drive magnetic generators to produce electricity.
what happens if ozon starts fading away
people would start to get skin cancer and develop other health issues
what is greenhouse gas
gas that traps heat
what is a rock made of
mixtures of minerals
how does igneous rock from
A
magma cooling
what is marbles parent
limestone
what is a metamorphoic rock
when sedimentary rock compact together/heat and pressure
waht are sedimentary rocks
sediments that are pushed together
can igneous rock form above the surface
yes
how do igneous rocks turn into sedimentary
erosion and depostion
how are fine and course grained textures formed
forms from magma or lava cooling quickly/ course is from it cooling slowly
what are the three compositons of igneous rocks
granitic,basaltic,andesitic
what is deposition
depostion is the settling of sediments in layers after it was moved during erosion
what is erosion
rocks broken down by wind or water and carried somewhere
what is cementation
when water soaks through soil or rock
what is wheatering
the process of rocks when they break into smaller pievces
what is a clastic sedimentary rock
made from broken pieces of other rocks and it compacted and cemented together
what are chemichal rocks/how they form
chemical rocks form from water precipitation or evaporation
what are biochemical sedimentary rocks
they form from the body of onnce living things
how do coral reefs form
from little dead animals
what is the difference between contact and regional metamorphism
contact metamorphism is when magma forces its way into the rock. regional metamorphism is when tectonic plates collide and form mountains. covers a wide area
what are the three agents of metamorphism
heat fluid pressure
what are foliated rocks
when they are flattened and line up on parallel bands
what are nonfoliated rocks
rocks with no bands
slate parent
shale
gneiss parent
granite
quartize parent
sandstone
what is the rock cycle order
cooling and crystallization from magma=igneous rock erosion and deposition=sediment cementation and compaction=sedimentary rock heat and pressure=metamorphic rock melting to magma
what are the two types of pressure, where are they directed at
confinning and directed. confining pressure points equally in all directions, directed is toward one spot
where do sea anemones live
in the holes of coral
what minerals make rocks green
hornblend,serpentine
what does metamorphic mean
meta=form mophic=change
what are intrusive rocks
cool slowly underground with big crystals
what are extrusive rocks
when lava cools on earths surface. cools quickly which causes no or not very many minerals.
what are the three main components of texture
coarse grained, glassy texture, and porphyrite texture
what science study atmosphere
meteorology
what drives the process of plate tectonics the currently accepted explanation for the movement of continents
unequal heat distribution in the earth
what caused earth to develop layers as it cooled
the differences in density of elements
what position do lines of latitude describe
north or south of the equator
why is the robinson map projection considered very useful
most distances sizes and shapes are accurate
which map would show the best 3d of earths surface
topographic maps
which of the spheres is the most out
the atmosphere
what are the four major spheres
atmosohere, biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere
the theory that earths lithosphere is broken into large sections that move is called
plate tectonics
what makes a hypothesis scientifically useful
it can be tested
on a topographic map countour lines that come closer indicate what
the slope is steeper
what is the solar nebula theory
this states that the solar system developed out of an interstellar cloud of dust and gas, called a nebula .
why are contour lines important in topographic maps
It indicates how steep or flat the terrain is, and how much elevation change occurs over a given horizontal distance.
what is closed and open system
There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings.
what is an element
a subtance that can’t be broken down by chemical or physical means
what are isotopes
atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
what are ionic, covalent,metallic bonds
Ionic bonds form between positive and negative ions, covalent forms when atoms share electrons, metallic form when electrons are shared by metal ions
what are the ways to identify minerals
color,luster,crystal form, hardness,cleavage/fracture,maybe density.
what is a scientific theory
it unifies a broad range of observations/hypothesis and enables scientist to make accurate predictions about new situations
what is precipitation
Precipitation occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses and falls to the ground as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
