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Earth Science > earth science 12 > Flashcards

earth science 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is uniformitarianism who made it?

A

the idea that the physical chemical and biological laws that operate today also did in the past. James Hutton

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2
Q

what is the absolute age of earth(evolutionists)

A

4.5billion years

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3
Q

what is relative dating

A

the method in which scientists use to place rocks in chronological order to

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4
Q

what is the law of superposition

A

*it states that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks each layer is older than the one above it and younger than the one below it.

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5
Q

principle of cross cutting relationships

A

states that a fault or intrusion must be younger than any geologic formation through which it cuts.

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5
Q

principle of original horizontally

A

states that sediment is generally deposited in flat horizontal layers.

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6
Q

what is unconformities

A

it is when a surface represented a break in the rock record. Nowhere is earths rock record complete.

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7
Q

what are the three types of unconformites

A

angular unconformity, disconformity, and nonconformity are

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8
Q

angular unconformity

A

layers of sedimentary rock form over older sedimentary rock layers that are tilted or folded.

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9
Q

disconformity

A

it is when two sedimentary rock layers are separated by an erosional surface.

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10
Q

nonconformity

A

in a nonconformity an erosional surface separates older metamorphic or igneous rocks from younger sedimentary rocks.

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11
Q

what are inclusions

A

inclusions are pieces of an older rock unit found within a younger rock unit.

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12
Q

what are the different types of fossils

A

petrified fossils, molds and casts, compression fossils, impression fossils, unaltered fossils, unaltered remains and trace fossils.

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12
Q

what is a correlation?

A

the process of matching rock layers at different locations that formed at the same time and by the same processes.

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13
Q

what are the two ways for fossils to be preserved

A

the body of the organism must be protected from scavengers, and it must have hard parts like bones shells teeth or plants with wood. fast burial is also another thing.

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14
Q

petrified fossils

A

fossils that have been turned into rock and minerals

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15
Q

what are molds and casts

A

molds- form when seashells or other hard parts fall into soft mud or beach sand and compaction and sedimentation happen and molds form.
casts- are created if the hollow spaces of a mold are later filled with minerals.

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16
Q

what are compression fossils

A

two dimensional organic remains. they form when pressure squeezes out liquids and gases from a buried organism.

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17
Q

what are impression fossils

A

two dimensional. they dont contain organic matter.

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18
Q

what are unaltered remains

A

when they are perfectley fossilized with little change.

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19
Q

what are trace fossils

A

trace fossils are indirect evidence of prehestoric life. they show that animals must have been their before.

20
Q

what is the fossil record

A

all the fossils that geologists have found and arranged by their relative ages.

21
Q

what is fossil succesion

A

states that fossil organisms tend to be found in the same general order at different locations.

22
Q

what are index fossils

A

fossils that are from a species that existed on earth for short periods of time and were widespread geographically. they are best type of fossils for correlation.

22
Q

fossils and correlation

A

it is used to correlate rock layers based on fossils they contain

23
Q

what is fossils and past environment

A

fossils can help build detailed pictures of the past environments.

24
Q

what is fossils and evolution

A

according to evolution the fossil record reveals older rocks (deeper in rock layer) contain fossils of simpler organisms younger rocks (closer to the surface) contain more complex organisms.

25
Q

what is ecological zonation

A

certain organisms live in certain locations

26
Q

what is absolute dating

A

a method used by geologists to determine the age in years of a rock or other object

27
Q

what is radioactive decay

A

is when an unstable nucleus spontaneously breaks apart or decays.

28
Q

what is beta decay

A

beta decay occurs when an atom of an unstable isotope decays. one of its neutrons breaks down into a proton and an electron. the electron leaves the atom as a beta particle the nucleus loses a neutron but gains a proton resulting in a new element

29
Q

what is the atoms made of

A

has a nucleus made up of protons and neutrons and that the number of neutrons in the atoms of a given element can vary. Different forms of an element are called isotopes.

30
Q

what is alpha decay

A

alpha decay is when the isotopes gives off two protons and two neutrons in the form of an alpha particle.

31
Q

what is a half life

A

half life of an isotope is the time it takes for half of the unstable atoms in the isotope to decay into stable isotopes.

32
Q

what is radiometric dating

A

a method of calculating the absolute ages of rocks and minerals that contian certain radioactive isotopes.

33
Q

second probelm with radioactive dating

A

rocks in earth may have been created with apperent age . so maybe when God created rocks he made them old like how when adam was made he was already an adult

33
Q

what is the first problem with Absolute dating

A

earth may have changed its rate of radioactive decay.

34
Q

third problem for absolute dating

A

individual fossils of one age are buried over milions of years of sediment. this is impossible because it would have rotted before they were fossilized

35
Q

the fourth and last problem of radioactive decay

A

examples of major errors in age dating of rocks. rocks said to be 3 billion years old while they were only 200

36
Q

dating with carbon-14 radiocarbon dating

A

to date organic materials carbon 14 is used in a method called radiocarbon dating. organic materials are substances that contain carbon and comes from living things. when an organism dies the amount of carbon 14 gradually decreasesas the carbon 14 to carbon 12 in a sample radiocarbon dates can be determines.

37
Q

radiometric dating of sedimentary rock

A

to determine the age of sedimentary rock geologists must relate the sedimentary rock to datable masses of igneous rock.

38
Q

what is the geologic time scale

A

it is a record that includes both geologic events and major developments in the evolution of life.

39
Q

what are the four major eons

A

phanerozoic proterozoic archean and hadean eons

40
Q

there are three eras in phapnerozoic eon

A

paleozoic mesozoic and cenozoic era

41
Q

what are periods

A

periods subdivide eras

42
Q

what are epochs

A

they divide the quaternary and tertiary periods.

43
Q

what is the precambrian era

A

the longest era which take up 88% of the earths history. up until 544 million years ago

44
Q

what was the first experimental flaw

A

that started with purified materials while in nature there is a lot of impurities

45
Q

second flaw

A

they used only safer wavelengths of ultraviolet radioation.

46
Q

third flaw

A

they removed the newly formed amino acids from experiment for protecton. in primitave conditions the amino acid would breakd own quickly.

47
Q

what was darwins natural selection

A

the process b which organissm with raits that are suite to a certain environment have a better chance of surival than organisms whos traits are not suited to it.

Earth Science (38 decks)

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