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Earth Science > bio chp 10 > Flashcards

bio chp 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why do cells need to divide and not get big

A

informational reload, and exchange of materials

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2
Q

as the cell got bigger what happened to surface are to volume ratio

A

it got smaller

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3
Q

what makes us bigger. The cells get bigger or more cells

A

there are more cells

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3
Q

what is the splitting of the nucleus called in each cell type

A

prokaryotes: binary fission
Eukaryotes: mitosis

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4
Q

why do we need cell division

A

for healing

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5
Q

describe binary fission

A

DNA duplicates
Cell membrane indents
then it divides and two new cells form

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6
Q

What is the majority of interphase

A

G1, S, G2

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7
Q

what is G1

A

Gap 1 (cell growth) (first part)

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8
Q

G2

A

Gap 2 (growing things for mitosis to occur)

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9
Q

what is S

A

DNA Replication (second part)

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10
Q

what are the four stages of cell cycle

A

increases in size (gap 1, or G1, stage), copies its DNA (synthesis, or S, stage), prepares to divide (gap 2, or G2, stage), and divides (mitosis, or M, stage).

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10
Q

when chromoses make copy are they similar or identical

A

identical

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11
Q

Describe DNA replication stage of cell cycle

A

dna wraps around histones to make nucelosome
Nucleosome wraps around to make coils
coils coil more to make super coil
then finally chromosome

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12
Q

when chromosme makes a copy what are they called

A

sister chromatids

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13
Q

when chromosomes replicate do the alleles have to be the same

A

no

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13
Q

what is mitosis

A

splitting of the cell

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14
Q

what are the 5 main stages of mitosis

A

interphase ,prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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15
Q

describe mitosis in the 5 stages

A

interphase:the phase of the cell cycle when a cell prepares for division by growing,
prophase: Nuclear envelope begins to break down.
metaphase: Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell
anaphase: separating of the sister chromatids.
Telaphase: Starting to form nucleus and chromosomes elongate

16
Q

what is cytokineses in mitosis

A

the division of the cytoplasm, usually occurs after telophase, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

17
Q

what is karyokinesis

A

division of the cell nucleus

18
Q

what is cytokineses

A

splitting of cytoplasm

19
Q

how does cytokineses occur in plant cells

A

it grows cell wall. and cell vescicles of cellulose are added and we have new cells

20
Q

how does cytokineses happen in animal cells

A

animal cells which pinch inward to divide;

21
Q

what things are made during mitosis

A

centrioles get bigger and spindle fibers form made of tubulin. and reach to centromere

22
Q

what is the middle of a chromosome called

A

a centromere

23
Q

what happens during anaphase to the centromere

A

it splits

24
Q

what is a nucleotide? whats it made of?

A

basic bulding block of DNA/RNA
a phosphate group deoxyribose and a nitrogenous base

25
Q

what is apoptosis

A

its when cells are programmed to die

26
Q

what connescts the nucleotides together in DNA

A

WEAK hydrogen bonds

26
Q

what are the nitrogenous base letter that go together

A

GC
TA

26
Q

what is a DNA polymerase

A

a type of enzyme that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA, in the form of nucleic acid molecules.

27
Q

what are the little chunks that do the same work at DNA polymerase called

A

okazaki fragments

27
Q

what are the two enzymes that break hydrogen bonds so that we can make a copy

A

breaks the bonds so we can make a copy
another enzyme makes sure the bonds are broken apart.

28
Q

what is replication bubble

A

an unwound and open region of a DNA helix where DNA replication occurs.

29
Q

what is the substance that glues okazaki fragments together

A

ligase

30
Q

where are the telomeres

A

at the end of the chromosome

31
Q

what do telomeres do

A

keep the DNA inside chromosomes safe

32
Q

what phase isnt part of mitosis

A

interphase

33
Q

what is protein helps regulate the cell cycle

A

cylin

34
Q

what is out of control cell growth called

A

cancer cells

35
Q

what are the two types of tumors

A

benign and malignant

36
Q

which tumor spreads

A

malignant

37
Q

what is cell differentation

A

the process by which a young, unspecialized cell develops into a mature, specialized cell with a specific function

Earth Science (38 decks)

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