bio chp 10 Flashcards
why do cells need to divide and not get big
informational reload, and exchange of materials
as the cell got bigger what happened to surface are to volume ratio
it got smaller
what makes us bigger. The cells get bigger or more cells
there are more cells
what is the splitting of the nucleus called in each cell type
prokaryotes: binary fission
Eukaryotes: mitosis
why do we need cell division
for healing
describe binary fission
DNA duplicates
Cell membrane indents
then it divides and two new cells form
What is the majority of interphase
G1, S, G2
what is G1
Gap 1 (cell growth) (first part)
G2
Gap 2 (growing things for mitosis to occur)
what is S
DNA Replication (second part)
what are the four stages of cell cycle
increases in size (gap 1, or G1, stage), copies its DNA (synthesis, or S, stage), prepares to divide (gap 2, or G2, stage), and divides (mitosis, or M, stage).
when chromoses make copy are they similar or identical
identical
Describe DNA replication stage of cell cycle
dna wraps around histones to make nucelosome
Nucleosome wraps around to make coils
coils coil more to make super coil
then finally chromosome
when chromosme makes a copy what are they called
sister chromatids
when chromosomes replicate do the alleles have to be the same
no
what is mitosis
splitting of the cell
what are the 5 main stages of mitosis
interphase ,prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
describe mitosis in the 5 stages
interphase:the phase of the cell cycle when a cell prepares for division by growing,
prophase: Nuclear envelope begins to break down.
metaphase: Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell
anaphase: separating of the sister chromatids.
Telaphase: Starting to form nucleus and chromosomes elongate
what is cytokineses in mitosis
the division of the cytoplasm, usually occurs after telophase, resulting in two separate daughter cells.
what is karyokinesis
division of the cell nucleus
what is cytokineses
splitting of cytoplasm
how does cytokineses occur in plant cells
it grows cell wall. and cell vescicles of cellulose are added and we have new cells
how does cytokineses happen in animal cells
animal cells which pinch inward to divide;
what things are made during mitosis
centrioles get bigger and spindle fibers form made of tubulin. and reach to centromere
what is the middle of a chromosome called
a centromere
what happens during anaphase to the centromere
it splits
what is a nucleotide? whats it made of?
basic bulding block of DNA/RNA
a phosphate group deoxyribose and a nitrogenous base
what is apoptosis
its when cells are programmed to die
what connescts the nucleotides together in DNA
WEAK hydrogen bonds
what are the nitrogenous base letter that go together
GC
TA
what is a DNA polymerase
a type of enzyme that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA, in the form of nucleic acid molecules.
what are the little chunks that do the same work at DNA polymerase called
okazaki fragments
what are the two enzymes that break hydrogen bonds so that we can make a copy
breaks the bonds so we can make a copy
another enzyme makes sure the bonds are broken apart.
what is replication bubble
an unwound and open region of a DNA helix where DNA replication occurs.
what is the substance that glues okazaki fragments together
ligase
where are the telomeres
at the end of the chromosome
what do telomeres do
keep the DNA inside chromosomes safe
what phase isnt part of mitosis
interphase
what is protein helps regulate the cell cycle
cylin
what is out of control cell growth called
cancer cells
what are the two types of tumors
benign and malignant
which tumor spreads
malignant
what is cell differentation
the process by which a young, unspecialized cell develops into a mature, specialized cell with a specific function
