E5 Ch. 25 Flashcards
what are the primary sex organs
testes and ovaries
name the accessory sex organs
glands and external genitalia
where are the testes located
w/in the scrotum
what is the scrotum
skin and superficial fascia surrounding testes, positioning provides an environment 3 degrees cooler than body temp
what is the dartos muscle and function
layer of smooth muscle responsible for wrinkling scrotal skin
what is the cremaster muscle and function
band of skeletal muscle surrounding testes that elevates them
tunica vaginalis
serous sac enclosing testes
tunica albuginea
fibrous capsule of testes; divides each into 250-300 lobules
epididymis
comma-shaped structure on posterior testis
pampiniform plexus and function
where testicular veins arise from; helps keep testes cool
what part of the NS innervates the testes
parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS
what separates the seminiferous tubules
separated by areolar CT
what are spermatogenic cells
sperm-forming cells
what are columnar sustentocytes
support cells
what do spermatogenic cells produce
sperm
about how much sperm is formed per day
~400 million
what part of life does sperm production being
at puberty; takes 75 days
what is the process of sperm formation
cells differentiate and move toward lumen
spermatogonia (stem cells)- secondary spermatocytes- spermatids-sperm
what do sustentocytes do
surround spermatogenic cells, assist sperm production, and secrete testicular fluid and androgen-binding protein
what are myoid cells
surround seminiferous tubules and contract rhythmically
what do interstitial endocrine cells secrete in males and what is it regulated by
testosterone; secretion regulated by LH
when uncoiled how long is the duct of the epididymis
6 m long
what type of tissue line s the epididymis
dominated by pseudostratified columnar epithelium, bears tufts of sterocilia- immotile, long microvilli
where do sperm gain the ability to swim and fertilize an egg though
though the acrosomal reaction
function of the ductus deferens
stores and transports sperm
describe the histology of the ductus deferens
epithelium= pseudostratified columnar, thick muscularis, and adventitia
list the structures found in the spermatic cord
ductus deferens, testicular blood vessels, and nerves
where does the superior portion of ductus deferens run though
inguinal canal
list the parts of the male urethra
prostatic, imtermediate (membranous), and spongy urethra
where are the seminal glands located
lie on posterior surface of the urinary bladder
what does the fluid secreted by seminal glands contain
frutose, substance to enhance sperm motility, prostaglandins, substances that suppress immune response against semen, and enzymes that clot and then liquefy semen
what percentage do seminal gland secretions contribute to the volume of semen
60%
describe the prostate
encircles prostatic urethra, consist of 20-30 compound tubuloalveolar glands, secretes about 25-30% of seminal flud
what substances does the prostate contain
substances tha enhance sperm motility, and enzymes that clot and then liquefy semen
where is the bulbo-urethral glands
pea-sized glands inferior to prostate glands
function of bulbo-urethral glands
produce mucus which enters spongy urethra prior to ejaculation neutralizing traces of acidic urine and lubricates urethra
what is the shaft
body of penis
glans penis
distal expanded end
what is prepuce
foreskin; removed during circumcision
what are the erectile bodies of the penis
one corpus spongiosum (surrounding spongy urethra), and 2 corpora cavernosa (contains sinuses; make up most of penis)
what parts of the NS controls erection and ejaculation
erection- parasympathetic
ejaculation- sympathetic
what structures does the male perineum contain
scrotum, root of penis, and anus
what is the male perineum
diamond-shaped area b/t pubic symphysis anteriorly, coccyx posteriorly, and ischial tuberosities laterally
briefly describe stages of spermatogensis
stage 1- spermatogonia divide by mitosis
stage 2- meiosis I and meiosis II
stage 3- spermiogenesis
what happens in stage 1 of spermatogenesis
type A- maintain germ cells
type B- differentiate into primary spermatocytes
what happens in stage 2 of spermatogenesis
meiosis I- forms 2 secondary spermatocytes
meiosis II- each spermatocyte forms 2 spermatids
what happens in stage 3 of spermatogenesis
the 4 spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa, which shed superfluous cytoplasm cutting down to the bare minimum of a head, midpiece, and tail
what surrounds spermatogenic cells and what are they bound by
sustentocytes surround, bounded by tight junctions
function of tight junctions b/t sustentocytes
blood testis barrier; protects developing sperm from immune system
what hormones control spermatogenesis
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone
what do secretions from sustentocytes also influence, list them
spermatogenesis; androgen-binding protein (concentrates testosterone near spermatogenic cells) and inhibin (inhibits FSH)
what is the menstrual cycle
the monthly cycle as it affects all female reproductive organs
list the structures that make up the female reproductive system
uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
list the ligaments and mesenteries that hold the ovaries
broad ligament, suspensory ligament, and ovarian ligament
what part of the NS innervates the ovaries
both divisions of ANS
what is the tunica albuginea
fibrous capsule of the ovary; covered in simple columnar epithelium
ovarian cortex
houses developing oocytes
follicles
multicellular sacs housing tissue; contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
list the different part of the uterine tubes
infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus
describe infundibulum
distal end of uterine tube, surrounded by fimbriae
describe the ampulla
middle third of uterine tube; usual site of fertilization
describe the isthmus
medial third of uterine tube
where is the uterus located
lies anterior to rectum- posterior to bladder, anteverted (anteflexed) usual position of uterus
what is the intern and external ox
internal- opening connecting w/ uterine cavity
external- inferior opening of cervix
name the structures that support the uterus
mesometrium, cardinal ligaments, and round ligaments
function of mesometrium
anchors uterus to lateral pelvic walls
function of cardinal ligaments
horizontal from cervix and vagina
function of round ligament
binds uterus to anterior pelvic wall
what are the two laters of the endometirum
functional and basal layer
function of uterine arteries
sends branches to the uterine wall and divide into arcuate arteries
what do the radial arteries branch into once it reaches the endometrium
straight arteries- to basal layer
spiral arteries- to functional layer
what is mainly responsible for the monthly menstrual cycle
due to hormonal fluctuations in ovaries and uterus
what does the ovarian cycle stimulate
stimulates production of ovarian follicles and oocytes
what does the uterine cycle prepare for
prepares uterine wall for implantation
what are the successive phases of the ovarian cycle
follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase
what happens during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
6-12 primodial follicles stimulated to develop, growth stimulated by FSH, becomes primary follicle, antrium forms, priamry follicles become secondary follicle enlarges and becomes vesicular (graafian) follicle ready to be ovulated
what is zona pellucida
glycoprotein coat surrounding oocyte
what is the theca folliculi
internal layer secretes hormones
what is an antrum
fluid-filled cavity b/t granulosa cells
what is the corona radiata
coat of granulosa cells surrounding oocyte
when does ovulation occur
halfway though each ovarian cycle (day 14)
what happens during the ovulation phase of the ovarian cycle
one mature oocyte exits from one ovary, enters peritoneal cavity (swept into uterine tube)
what hormone is a signal for ovulation
sudden increase LH
what happens during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
occurs after ovulation, remaining follicle becomes corpus luteum (secretes progesteron to prep for implnatation of an embryo), if not implantation corpus luteum dies and becomes a corpus albicans
what is the uterine cycle
series of cyclic phases of the endometrium, coordinate w/ ovarian cycle, endometrial phases directed by FSH and LH
briefly describe the phases of the uterine cycle
menstrual phase (day 1-5) proliferative phase (day 6-14) secretory phase (day 15-28)
list the 3 coats of the vagina
adventitia (fibrous CT), muscularis (smooth muscle), and mucosa (marked by transverse folds)
what doe the mucosa coat of the vagina composed of
lamina propria and stratified squamous epi.
labia majora
homologue of he male scrotum, encloses the labia minora
what is the vestibule
space b/t labia minora, houses opening to urethra and vagina
what male structure is the clitoris homologous to
the penis
what structures make up the female perineum
anterior boundary- pubic arch, posterior boundary- coccyx, lateral boundaries- ischial tuberosities
what is the cortical reaction
enzymes prevent any other sperm from binding to egg
fertilization
chromosomes of male and female gametes join
describe the events leading to fertilization
sperm bind to zona pellucida, undergoes acrosomal reaction (release enzymes to form slit in zona pellucida), fusion of oocyte and sperm PM, chromosomes of male and female gametes join
when doe blastocyst beings implantation
about 6 days after conception
what doe blastocyst consists of
inner cells mass outer trophoblast,
what 2 layers do trophoblast form
cytotrophoblast- inner layer
syncytiotrophoblst- outer layer
what forms the placenta
embryonic and maternal tissues contribute to placenta
function of placenta
provide fetus w/ nutrients, oxygen, dispose of wastes, allow hormonal signals to be sent to mother
when is the placenta fully formed
by week 13
what substances diffuse from mother to fetus
sugars, fats, and oxygen
what substances diffuse from fetus to mother
urea and carbon dioxide
what do syncytiotrophoblast secrete
secretes substances that regulate events of pregnancy
what is parturition
266 days after fertilization
labor
events that expel infant from uterus
testicular cancer
affects 1 of 50,000 males, commonly from early-stage spermatogenic cells, 95% cured cases
where does prostate cancer arise from
peripheral glands
what are the risk factors of prostate cancer
fatty diet and genetic predisposition
where does ovarian cancer arise from
from cells in germinal epithelium
where does endometrial cancer arise from
endometrium of the uterus
describe cervical cancer
slow-growing, arises from epi at tip of cervix, often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)
how is breast cancer treated
surgical removal (lumpectomy), radiation therapy, administration of selected hormones, and chemotherapy
when can you differentiate embryo sexes
5-6 weeks
males- week 7
females- week 8
mesonephric ducts
future male ducs
paramesonephric ducts
future female ducts
what structures does the mesonephric duct become
epididymis, ductus deferens, and ejaculatory duct
what structures does the paramesonephric duct become
uterus, uterine tubes, and superior part of vagina
what are some male secondary sex characteristics
enalrgemnt of scrotoum/testes, appearance of pubic, axillary, facial hair, lenthening of voal folds, musculoskeletal system increases mass, mature sperm in semen
what are some female secondary sex characteristics
budding breasts, and menarche (1st menstruation)
when does female reproductive peak
late 20s
when does ovulation and menstruation cease
age 46-54
