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Anatomy > E5 Ch. 25 > Flashcards

E5 Ch. 25 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the primary sex organs

A

testes and ovaries

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2
Q

name the accessory sex organs

A

glands and external genitalia

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3
Q

where are the testes located

A

w/in the scrotum

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4
Q

what is the scrotum

A

skin and superficial fascia surrounding testes, positioning provides an environment 3 degrees cooler than body temp

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5
Q

what is the dartos muscle and function

A

layer of smooth muscle responsible for wrinkling scrotal skin

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6
Q

what is the cremaster muscle and function

A

band of skeletal muscle surrounding testes that elevates them

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7
Q

tunica vaginalis

A

serous sac enclosing testes

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8
Q

tunica albuginea

A

fibrous capsule of testes; divides each into 250-300 lobules

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9
Q

epididymis

A

comma-shaped structure on posterior testis

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10
Q

pampiniform plexus and function

A

where testicular veins arise from; helps keep testes cool

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11
Q

what part of the NS innervates the testes

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS

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12
Q

what separates the seminiferous tubules

A

separated by areolar CT

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13
Q

what are spermatogenic cells

A

sperm-forming cells

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14
Q

what are columnar sustentocytes

A

support cells

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15
Q

what do spermatogenic cells produce

A

sperm

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16
Q

about how much sperm is formed per day

A

~400 million

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17
Q

what part of life does sperm production being

A

at puberty; takes 75 days

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18
Q

what is the process of sperm formation

A

cells differentiate and move toward lumen

spermatogonia (stem cells)- secondary spermatocytes- spermatids-sperm

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19
Q

what do sustentocytes do

A

surround spermatogenic cells, assist sperm production, and secrete testicular fluid and androgen-binding protein

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20
Q

what are myoid cells

A

surround seminiferous tubules and contract rhythmically

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21
Q

what do interstitial endocrine cells secrete in males and what is it regulated by

A

testosterone; secretion regulated by LH

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22
Q

when uncoiled how long is the duct of the epididymis

A

6 m long

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23
Q

what type of tissue line s the epididymis

A

dominated by pseudostratified columnar epithelium, bears tufts of sterocilia- immotile, long microvilli

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24
Q

where do sperm gain the ability to swim and fertilize an egg though

A

though the acrosomal reaction

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25
Q

function of the ductus deferens

A

stores and transports sperm

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26
Q

describe the histology of the ductus deferens

A

epithelium= pseudostratified columnar, thick muscularis, and adventitia

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27
Q

list the structures found in the spermatic cord

A

ductus deferens, testicular blood vessels, and nerves

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28
Q

where does the superior portion of ductus deferens run though

A

inguinal canal

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29
Q

list the parts of the male urethra

A

prostatic, imtermediate (membranous), and spongy urethra

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30
Q

where are the seminal glands located

A

lie on posterior surface of the urinary bladder

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31
Q

what does the fluid secreted by seminal glands contain

A

frutose, substance to enhance sperm motility, prostaglandins, substances that suppress immune response against semen, and enzymes that clot and then liquefy semen

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32
Q

what percentage do seminal gland secretions contribute to the volume of semen

A

60%

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33
Q

describe the prostate

A

encircles prostatic urethra, consist of 20-30 compound tubuloalveolar glands, secretes about 25-30% of seminal flud

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34
Q

what substances does the prostate contain

A

substances tha enhance sperm motility, and enzymes that clot and then liquefy semen

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35
Q

where is the bulbo-urethral glands

A

pea-sized glands inferior to prostate glands

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36
Q

function of bulbo-urethral glands

A

produce mucus which enters spongy urethra prior to ejaculation neutralizing traces of acidic urine and lubricates urethra

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37
Q

what is the shaft

A

body of penis

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38
Q

glans penis

A

distal expanded end

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39
Q

what is prepuce

A

foreskin; removed during circumcision

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40
Q

what are the erectile bodies of the penis

A

one corpus spongiosum (surrounding spongy urethra), and 2 corpora cavernosa (contains sinuses; make up most of penis)

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41
Q

what parts of the NS controls erection and ejaculation

A

erection- parasympathetic

ejaculation- sympathetic

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42
Q

what structures does the male perineum contain

A

scrotum, root of penis, and anus

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43
Q

what is the male perineum

A

diamond-shaped area b/t pubic symphysis anteriorly, coccyx posteriorly, and ischial tuberosities laterally

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44
Q

briefly describe stages of spermatogensis

A

stage 1- spermatogonia divide by mitosis
stage 2- meiosis I and meiosis II
stage 3- spermiogenesis

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45
Q

what happens in stage 1 of spermatogenesis

A

type A- maintain germ cells

type B- differentiate into primary spermatocytes

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46
Q

what happens in stage 2 of spermatogenesis

A

meiosis I- forms 2 secondary spermatocytes

meiosis II- each spermatocyte forms 2 spermatids

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47
Q

what happens in stage 3 of spermatogenesis

A

the 4 spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa, which shed superfluous cytoplasm cutting down to the bare minimum of a head, midpiece, and tail

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48
Q

what surrounds spermatogenic cells and what are they bound by

A

sustentocytes surround, bounded by tight junctions

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49
Q

function of tight junctions b/t sustentocytes

A

blood testis barrier; protects developing sperm from immune system

50
Q

what hormones control spermatogenesis

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone

51
Q

what do secretions from sustentocytes also influence, list them

A

spermatogenesis; androgen-binding protein (concentrates testosterone near spermatogenic cells) and inhibin (inhibits FSH)

52
Q

what is the menstrual cycle

A

the monthly cycle as it affects all female reproductive organs

53
Q

list the structures that make up the female reproductive system

A

uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

54
Q

list the ligaments and mesenteries that hold the ovaries

A

broad ligament, suspensory ligament, and ovarian ligament

55
Q

what part of the NS innervates the ovaries

A

both divisions of ANS

56
Q

what is the tunica albuginea

A

fibrous capsule of the ovary; covered in simple columnar epithelium

57
Q

ovarian cortex

A

houses developing oocytes

58
Q

follicles

A

multicellular sacs housing tissue; contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

59
Q

list the different part of the uterine tubes

A

infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus

60
Q

describe infundibulum

A

distal end of uterine tube, surrounded by fimbriae

61
Q

describe the ampulla

A

middle third of uterine tube; usual site of fertilization

62
Q

describe the isthmus

A

medial third of uterine tube

63
Q

where is the uterus located

A

lies anterior to rectum- posterior to bladder, anteverted (anteflexed) usual position of uterus

64
Q

what is the intern and external ox

A

internal- opening connecting w/ uterine cavity

external- inferior opening of cervix

65
Q

name the structures that support the uterus

A

mesometrium, cardinal ligaments, and round ligaments

66
Q

function of mesometrium

A

anchors uterus to lateral pelvic walls

67
Q

function of cardinal ligaments

A

horizontal from cervix and vagina

68
Q

function of round ligament

A

binds uterus to anterior pelvic wall

69
Q

what are the two laters of the endometirum

A

functional and basal layer

70
Q

function of uterine arteries

A

sends branches to the uterine wall and divide into arcuate arteries

71
Q

what do the radial arteries branch into once it reaches the endometrium

A

straight arteries- to basal layer

spiral arteries- to functional layer

72
Q

what is mainly responsible for the monthly menstrual cycle

A

due to hormonal fluctuations in ovaries and uterus

73
Q

what does the ovarian cycle stimulate

A

stimulates production of ovarian follicles and oocytes

74
Q

what does the uterine cycle prepare for

A

prepares uterine wall for implantation

75
Q

what are the successive phases of the ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase

76
Q

what happens during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

A

6-12 primodial follicles stimulated to develop, growth stimulated by FSH, becomes primary follicle, antrium forms, priamry follicles become secondary follicle enlarges and becomes vesicular (graafian) follicle ready to be ovulated

77
Q

what is zona pellucida

A

glycoprotein coat surrounding oocyte

78
Q

what is the theca folliculi

A

internal layer secretes hormones

79
Q

what is an antrum

A

fluid-filled cavity b/t granulosa cells

80
Q

what is the corona radiata

A

coat of granulosa cells surrounding oocyte

81
Q

when does ovulation occur

A

halfway though each ovarian cycle (day 14)

82
Q

what happens during the ovulation phase of the ovarian cycle

A

one mature oocyte exits from one ovary, enters peritoneal cavity (swept into uterine tube)

83
Q

what hormone is a signal for ovulation

A

sudden increase LH

84
Q

what happens during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

A

occurs after ovulation, remaining follicle becomes corpus luteum (secretes progesteron to prep for implnatation of an embryo), if not implantation corpus luteum dies and becomes a corpus albicans

85
Q

what is the uterine cycle

A

series of cyclic phases of the endometrium, coordinate w/ ovarian cycle, endometrial phases directed by FSH and LH

86
Q

briefly describe the phases of the uterine cycle

A 
menstrual phase (day 1-5)
proliferative phase (day 6-14)
secretory phase (day 15-28)
87
Q

list the 3 coats of the vagina

A

adventitia (fibrous CT), muscularis (smooth muscle), and mucosa (marked by transverse folds)

88
Q

what doe the mucosa coat of the vagina composed of

A

lamina propria and stratified squamous epi.

89
Q

labia majora

A

homologue of he male scrotum, encloses the labia minora

90
Q

what is the vestibule

A

space b/t labia minora, houses opening to urethra and vagina

91
Q

what male structure is the clitoris homologous to

A

the penis

92
Q

what structures make up the female perineum

A

anterior boundary- pubic arch, posterior boundary- coccyx, lateral boundaries- ischial tuberosities

93
Q

what is the cortical reaction

A

enzymes prevent any other sperm from binding to egg

94
Q

fertilization

A

chromosomes of male and female gametes join

95
Q

describe the events leading to fertilization

A

sperm bind to zona pellucida, undergoes acrosomal reaction (release enzymes to form slit in zona pellucida), fusion of oocyte and sperm PM, chromosomes of male and female gametes join

96
Q

when doe blastocyst beings implantation

A

about 6 days after conception

97
Q

what doe blastocyst consists of

A

inner cells mass outer trophoblast,

98
Q

what 2 layers do trophoblast form

A

cytotrophoblast- inner layer

syncytiotrophoblst- outer layer

99
Q

what forms the placenta

A

embryonic and maternal tissues contribute to placenta

100
Q

function of placenta

A

provide fetus w/ nutrients, oxygen, dispose of wastes, allow hormonal signals to be sent to mother

101
Q

when is the placenta fully formed

A

by week 13

102
Q

what substances diffuse from mother to fetus

A

sugars, fats, and oxygen

103
Q

what substances diffuse from fetus to mother

A

urea and carbon dioxide

104
Q

what do syncytiotrophoblast secrete

A

secretes substances that regulate events of pregnancy

105
Q

what is parturition

A

266 days after fertilization

106
Q

labor

A

events that expel infant from uterus

107
Q

testicular cancer

A

affects 1 of 50,000 males, commonly from early-stage spermatogenic cells, 95% cured cases

108
Q

where does prostate cancer arise from

A

peripheral glands

109
Q

what are the risk factors of prostate cancer

A

fatty diet and genetic predisposition

110
Q

where does ovarian cancer arise from

A

from cells in germinal epithelium

111
Q

where does endometrial cancer arise from

A

endometrium of the uterus

112
Q

describe cervical cancer

A

slow-growing, arises from epi at tip of cervix, often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)

113
Q

how is breast cancer treated

A

surgical removal (lumpectomy), radiation therapy, administration of selected hormones, and chemotherapy

114
Q

when can you differentiate embryo sexes

A

5-6 weeks
males- week 7
females- week 8

115
Q

mesonephric ducts

A

future male ducs

116
Q

paramesonephric ducts

A

future female ducts

117
Q

what structures does the mesonephric duct become

A

epididymis, ductus deferens, and ejaculatory duct

118
Q

what structures does the paramesonephric duct become

A

uterus, uterine tubes, and superior part of vagina

119
Q

what are some male secondary sex characteristics

A

enalrgemnt of scrotoum/testes, appearance of pubic, axillary, facial hair, lenthening of voal folds, musculoskeletal system increases mass, mature sperm in semen

120
Q

what are some female secondary sex characteristics

A

budding breasts, and menarche (1st menstruation)

121
Q

when does female reproductive peak

A

late 20s

122
Q

when does ovulation and menstruation cease

A

age 46-54

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