E4 Ch. 22 Flashcards
basic functions of respiratory system
supplies oxygen, disposes carbon dioxide
list the 4 processes involved in respiration
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, internal respiration
list the respiratory organs
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and smaller branches), lungs, and alveoli
the organs of the respiratory system are divided into
conducting zone and respiratory zone
what is the conducting zone
respiratory passageways that convey air; filter, humidify, and wram incoming air
what is the respiratory zone
site of gas exchange in lungs; includes structures that have alveoli
function of the nose
airway, moistens/warms/filters air, resonating chamber for speech, and houses olfactory receptors
what are the 2 types of mucous membranes found in the nasal cavity
olfactory and respiratory mucosa
describe olfactory mucosa
near roof of nasal cavity, houses olfactory (smell) receptors
describe respiratory mucosa
lines nasal cavity
what type of cells are found in the respiratory mucosa
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi. goblet cells
which sensory nerve ending supply the respiratory mucosa
CN 5
where are the paranasal sinuses located
frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
what are the 3 divisions of the pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
describe the nasopharynx
superior to point where food enters, only an air passageway, closed off during swallowing, uvula reflects superiorly
what structures are found in the nasopharynx
pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids), pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube), and tubal tonsils
what are the 2 types of tonsils in the oropharynx
platine and lingual tonsils
what type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx
stratified squamous epi.
what are fauces
arch like entrance way that extend from soft palate to the epiglottis
what type of passageway is the laryngopharynx
food and air
type of cells found in the laryngopharynx
stratified squamous epi.
what are the 3 functions of they larynx
voice production, provides an open airway, routes air/food into proper channels
describe the framework of the larynx
arrangement of 9 cartilages
list the 9 cartilages that make up the larynx
thyroid, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform, epiglottis, rima glottidis, glottis, vocal folds, and vestibular folds
describe the thyroid cartilage
shield-shaped, forms laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
function of the epiglottis
tips inferiorly during swallowing
function of the vocal folds
true vocal cords; act in sound production
function of vestibular folds
false vocal cords; no role in sound production
what is the rima glottidis
medial opening b/t vocal folds
what structures make up the glottis
rima glottidis and vocal folds together
what type of tissue is found in the larynx
stratified squamous (superior portion) and pseudostratified ciliated columnar (inferior portion)
describe how voice production is done
length of vocal folds changes pitch, loudness depends on force of air across vocal folds
what is valsalva’s maneuver
straining in the voice
what is the trachea
C-shaped cartilage rings keep airway open, descends to mediastinum
what is the trachealis located
b/t open ends of C-shaped cartilage rings along length of posterior trachea
what is the carina
marks where trachea divides into 2 primary bronchi
what type of cells are found in the trachea
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi
list the order branching of the bronchi
Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
describe the respiratory bronchioles
gas exchange occurs where smooth muscle is absent, branch from terminal bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts then to alveolar sacs
how much alveoli does the lungs contain
around 400 million
describe type I alveolar cells
single layer of simple squamous epi. cells surrounded by basal lamina
what forms the respiratory membrane
alveolar and capillary walls plus their basal lamina
describe type II alveolar cells
scattered among type I alveolar cells, cuboidal, secrete surfactant
purpose of surfactant
reduces surface tension w/in alveoli
function of alveolar macrophages
remove thinest inhaled particles, migrate to bronchi, ciliary action takes alveolar macrophages to pharynx
describe the features of alveoli
surrounded by elastic fibers, interconnect by alveolar pores, internal surface-site for free movement of alveolar macrophages
what is the hilum part of the lungs
indentation on mediastinal surface, region where blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves enter/exit lung
what is the root part of the lungs
structures that enter/leave lungs at the hilum (blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves
function of pulmonary arteries
deliver oxygen-poor blood to lungs
function of pulmonary veins
carry oxygenated blood to heart
what do parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations affect the airways
parasympathetic- constrict airways
sympathetic- dilate airways
what is the pleurae and what are the two types
a double-layered sac surrounding each lung
parietal and visceral pleura
what is the pleural cavity
potential space b/t visceral and parietal pleurae
what are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation
inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation)
when does inspiration (inhalation) occur
when volume of thoracic cavity increase which decreases internal gas pressure
diaphragm flattens and contraction of intercostal muscle raises the ribs
what structures are needed for deep inspiration
scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, erector spinae (extends back)
describe the action of quiet expiration
passive process; inspiratory muscles relax, diaphragm moves superiorly, volume of thoracic cavity decreases
describe the action of forced expiration
active process, produced by contraction of internal/external oblique muscles, and transversus abdominis muscle
what is VGR and where is it located
ventral respiratory group; located in reticular formation in medulla oblongata, neurons generate respiratory rhythm
function of the respiratory center
generates baseline respiraton rate in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata
function of chemoreceptors in ventilation
sensitive to rising/falling oxygen levels
where are central chemoreceptors located
medulla
where are peripheral chemoreceptors located
aortic bodies and carotid bodies
what is bronchial asthma
type of allergic inflammation, hypersensitivity to irritants in air/stress
what are the characteristics of an asthma attack
contration of bronchiole smooth muscle, and secretion of mucus in airways
what is cystic fibrosis (CF)
inherited disease; exocrine gland function disrupted, over secretion of viscous mucus affects respiratory system
what is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
difficulty airflow in/out of lungs, obstructive emphysema, chronic bronchitis, history of smoking
what does the laryngotracheal bud form
trachea, bronchi, and bronchi subdivisions
describe how the respiratory system ages
of glands in nasal mucosa declines, nose dries (produce thick mucus), thoracic wall rigid, lungs lose elasticity, oxygen levels in blood may fall
