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Anatomy > E4 Ch. 22 > Flashcards

E4 Ch. 22 Flashcards

1
Q

basic functions of respiratory system

A

supplies oxygen, disposes carbon dioxide

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2
Q

list the 4 processes involved in respiration

A

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, internal respiration

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3
Q

list the respiratory organs

A

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and smaller branches), lungs, and alveoli

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4
Q

the organs of the respiratory system are divided into

A

conducting zone and respiratory zone

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5
Q

what is the conducting zone

A

respiratory passageways that convey air; filter, humidify, and wram incoming air

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6
Q

what is the respiratory zone

A

site of gas exchange in lungs; includes structures that have alveoli

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7
Q

function of the nose

A

airway, moistens/warms/filters air, resonating chamber for speech, and houses olfactory receptors

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of mucous membranes found in the nasal cavity

A

olfactory and respiratory mucosa

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9
Q

describe olfactory mucosa

A

near roof of nasal cavity, houses olfactory (smell) receptors

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10
Q

describe respiratory mucosa

A

lines nasal cavity

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11
Q

what type of cells are found in the respiratory mucosa

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi. goblet cells

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12
Q

which sensory nerve ending supply the respiratory mucosa

A

CN 5

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13
Q

where are the paranasal sinuses located

A

frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones

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14
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

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15
Q

describe the nasopharynx

A

superior to point where food enters, only an air passageway, closed off during swallowing, uvula reflects superiorly

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16
Q

what structures are found in the nasopharynx

A

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids), pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube), and tubal tonsils

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17
Q

what are the 2 types of tonsils in the oropharynx

A

platine and lingual tonsils

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18
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx

A

stratified squamous epi.

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19
Q

what are fauces

A

arch like entrance way that extend from soft palate to the epiglottis

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20
Q

what type of passageway is the laryngopharynx

A

food and air

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21
Q

type of cells found in the laryngopharynx

A

stratified squamous epi.

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22
Q

what are the 3 functions of they larynx

A

voice production, provides an open airway, routes air/food into proper channels

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23
Q

describe the framework of the larynx

A

arrangement of 9 cartilages

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24
Q

list the 9 cartilages that make up the larynx

A

thyroid, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform, epiglottis, rima glottidis, glottis, vocal folds, and vestibular folds

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25
Q

describe the thyroid cartilage

A

shield-shaped, forms laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)

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26
Q

function of the epiglottis

A

tips inferiorly during swallowing

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27
Q

function of the vocal folds

A

true vocal cords; act in sound production

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28
Q

function of vestibular folds

A

false vocal cords; no role in sound production

29
Q

what is the rima glottidis

A

medial opening b/t vocal folds

30
Q

what structures make up the glottis

A

rima glottidis and vocal folds together

31
Q

what type of tissue is found in the larynx

A

stratified squamous (superior portion) and pseudostratified ciliated columnar (inferior portion)

32
Q

describe how voice production is done

A

length of vocal folds changes pitch, loudness depends on force of air across vocal folds

33
Q

what is valsalva’s maneuver

A

straining in the voice

34
Q

what is the trachea

A

C-shaped cartilage rings keep airway open, descends to mediastinum

35
Q

what is the trachealis located

A

b/t open ends of C-shaped cartilage rings along length of posterior trachea

36
Q

what is the carina

A

marks where trachea divides into 2 primary bronchi

37
Q

what type of cells are found in the trachea

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi

38
Q

list the order branching of the bronchi

A

Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

39
Q

describe the respiratory bronchioles

A

gas exchange occurs where smooth muscle is absent, branch from terminal bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts then to alveolar sacs

40
Q

how much alveoli does the lungs contain

A

around 400 million

41
Q

describe type I alveolar cells

A

single layer of simple squamous epi. cells surrounded by basal lamina

42
Q

what forms the respiratory membrane

A

alveolar and capillary walls plus their basal lamina

43
Q

describe type II alveolar cells

A

scattered among type I alveolar cells, cuboidal, secrete surfactant

44
Q

purpose of surfactant

A

reduces surface tension w/in alveoli

45
Q

function of alveolar macrophages

A

remove thinest inhaled particles, migrate to bronchi, ciliary action takes alveolar macrophages to pharynx

46
Q

describe the features of alveoli

A

surrounded by elastic fibers, interconnect by alveolar pores, internal surface-site for free movement of alveolar macrophages

47
Q

what is the hilum part of the lungs

A

indentation on mediastinal surface, region where blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves enter/exit lung

48
Q

what is the root part of the lungs

A

structures that enter/leave lungs at the hilum (blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves

49
Q

function of pulmonary arteries

A

deliver oxygen-poor blood to lungs

50
Q

function of pulmonary veins

A

carry oxygenated blood to heart

51
Q

what do parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations affect the airways

A

parasympathetic- constrict airways

sympathetic- dilate airways

52
Q

what is the pleurae and what are the two types

A

a double-layered sac surrounding each lung

parietal and visceral pleura

53
Q

what is the pleural cavity

A

potential space b/t visceral and parietal pleurae

54
Q

what are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation

A

inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation)

55
Q

when does inspiration (inhalation) occur

A

when volume of thoracic cavity increase which decreases internal gas pressure

diaphragm flattens and contraction of intercostal muscle raises the ribs

56
Q

what structures are needed for deep inspiration

A

scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, erector spinae (extends back)

57
Q

describe the action of quiet expiration

A

passive process; inspiratory muscles relax, diaphragm moves superiorly, volume of thoracic cavity decreases

58
Q

describe the action of forced expiration

A

active process, produced by contraction of internal/external oblique muscles, and transversus abdominis muscle

59
Q

what is VGR and where is it located

A

ventral respiratory group; located in reticular formation in medulla oblongata, neurons generate respiratory rhythm

60
Q

function of the respiratory center

A

generates baseline respiraton rate in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata

61
Q

function of chemoreceptors in ventilation

A

sensitive to rising/falling oxygen levels

62
Q

where are central chemoreceptors located

A

medulla

63
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors located

A

aortic bodies and carotid bodies

64
Q

what is bronchial asthma

A

type of allergic inflammation, hypersensitivity to irritants in air/stress

65
Q

what are the characteristics of an asthma attack

A

contration of bronchiole smooth muscle, and secretion of mucus in airways

66
Q

what is cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

inherited disease; exocrine gland function disrupted, over secretion of viscous mucus affects respiratory system

67
Q

what is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

difficulty airflow in/out of lungs, obstructive emphysema, chronic bronchitis, history of smoking

68
Q

what does the laryngotracheal bud form

A

trachea, bronchi, and bronchi subdivisions

69
Q

describe how the respiratory system ages

A

of glands in nasal mucosa declines, nose dries (produce thick mucus), thoracic wall rigid, lungs lose elasticity, oxygen levels in blood may fall

Anatomy (20 decks)

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