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Anatomy > E3 Ch. 14 > Flashcards

E3 Ch. 14 Flashcards

1
Q

the PNS is functionally divided into what 2 divisions

A

sensory and motor divisions

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2
Q

what are the sensory inputs and motor outputs subdivided into

A

somatic and visceral, general and special

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3
Q

what is the general visceral motor part of the PNS

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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4
Q

what are the divisions of the ANS

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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5
Q

describe nerves in the PNS

A

bundles of peripheral axons

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6
Q

describe ganglia in the PNS

A

clusters of peripheral neuronal cll bodies

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7
Q

what are motor endings and their function

A

axon terminals of motor neurons, innervate effectors (muscle fibers and glands)

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8
Q

what are peripheral sensory receptors and their function

A

structures that pick up sensory stimuli, initiate signals in sensory axons

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9
Q

what are the 2 main categories of sensory receptors

A

free nerve endings of sensory neurons, and complete receptor cells

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10
Q

function of free nerve endings of sensory neurons

A

monitor general sensory info

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11
Q

function of complete receptor cells

A

specialized epithelial cells or small neurons, monitor most types of special sensory info.

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12
Q

sensory receptors are also classified according to what

A

location, type of stimulus detected, and structure

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13
Q

describe exteroceptors in terms of location, where they receive stimuli, and types received

A

sensitive to stimuli arising outside the body, located at/near body surface, include receptors for touch, pressure, pain, and tempt.

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14
Q

describe interoceptors in terms of location, where they receive stimuli, and types received

A

receive stimuli from internal viscera, located in digestive tube, bladder, and lungs, monitor changes in chemical concentration, taste, stretching of tissues, and tempt.

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15
Q

describe proprioceptors in terms of location, where they receive stimuli, and types received

A

located in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and ligaments, monitor degree of stretch, send inputs on body movement to CNS

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16
Q

what type os stimuli do mechanoreceptors respond to

A

mechanical forces, touch, pressure, stretch, vibration, and itch

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17
Q

baroreceptors

A

monitor BP

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18
Q

what type of stimuli do thermoreceptors respond to

A

tempt. changes

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19
Q

what type of stimuli do chemoreceptors respond to

A

chemical in solution

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20
Q

what types of stimuli do photoreceptors respond to

A

light, located in eye

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21
Q

what type of stimuli do nociceptors respond to

A

harmful stimuli that result in pain

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22
Q

general sensory receptors are widely distributed and nerve endings of sensory neurons monitor what types of stimuli

A

touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, pain, tempt, and proprioception

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23
Q

what 2 groups are general sensory receptors divided into

A

free nerve endings, and encapsulated nerve endings

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24
Q

where are free nerve endings most abundant

A

in epithelia and underlying connective tissue

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25
Q

what type of stimuli do free nerve endings respond to and monitor

A

respond to pain and temp. monitor affective senses

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26
Q

name the 2 specialized types of free nerve endings

A

epithelial tactile complexes (merkel discs), and hair follicle receptors

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27
Q

describe epithelial tactile complexes (merkel discs)

A

consist of tactile epithelial cell innervated by sensory nerve endings, slowly adapting receptors for light touch

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28
Q

describe hair follicle receptors

A

wrap around hair follicles, rapidly adapting receptors

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29
Q

describe the physical aspects of encapsulated nerve endings

A

consist of one or more end fibers of sensory neurons, enclosed in connective tissue, and are mechanoreceptors

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30
Q

what are the 4 main types of encapsulated nerve endings

A

tactile (meissner’s) corpuscles, lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles, bulbous corpuscles (ruffini endings), and proprioceptors

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31
Q

describe tactile (meissner’s) corpuscles, where they occur, type of stimuli received, and where they occur

A

spiraling nerve ending surrounded by Schwann cells, occur in dermal papillae, rapidly adapting receptor for discriminative touch, occur in sensitive, hairless ares of skin

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32
Q

describe Lemellar corpuscles, where they occur, and type of stimuli received

A

singel nerve ending surrounded by layers of flattened schwann cells, occur in hypodermis, sensitive to deep pressure-rapidly adapting receptors

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33
Q

function and location of bulbous corpuscles (ruffini endings)

A

dermis and respond to pressure, monitor continuous pressure on skin-adapt slowly

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34
Q

function of proprioceptors

A

monitor stretch in locomotory organs

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35
Q

name the 3 types of proprioceptors

A

muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint kinesthetic receptors

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36
Q

function and location of muscle spindle proprioceptors

A

measure changing length of muscle, embedded in perimysium b/t muscle fascicles

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37
Q

intrafusal muscle fibers

A

modified skeletal muscle fibers located w/ in muscle spindles

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38
Q

anulospiral endings

A

located around middle of intrafusal fibers, stimulated by rate and degree of stretch

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39
Q

function and location of tendon organ proprioceptors

A

located near muscle-tendon junction, monitor tension w/in tendons

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40
Q

what are joint kinesthetic receptor proprioceptors

A

sensory nerve endings w/in joint cpasules

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41
Q

name the 4 types of joint kinesthetic receptor proprioceptors

A

lamellar corpuscles, bulbous corpuscles, free nerve endings, and receptors resembling tendon organs

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42
Q

where do the various cranial nerves attach to

A

nerves I-II attach to forebrain, all others attach to brain stem

43
Q

which is the only cranial nerve that extends into the abdomen

A

CN X- vagus nerve

44
Q

describe olfactory nerves, where are receptor cells are located, and what structures does it pass though

A

special visceral sensory- sense of smell, receptor cells located in olfactory epithelium of nasal cavity, pass though cribriform foramina of ethmoid bone

45
Q

describe optic nerves, where they originate, and structures it passes through

A

special somatic sensory-vision, originate on retina of eye, pass though optic canals of sphenoid bone

46
Q

describe oculomotor nerves, function, and structures it passes through

A

somatic motor funcntion-innervates 4 extrinsic eye muscles, visceral motor function: constricts pupil, controls shape of lens, pass through superior orbital fissure

47
Q

list the 4 extrinsic eye muscles that the oculomotor nerves innervate

A

superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique

48
Q

describe trochlear nerves, and structures it passes though

A

somatic motor function- innervate superior oblique muscle, pass ventrally/laterally around midbrain, superior orbital fissure

49
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerves

A

ophthalamic division (V1), maxillary division (V2), and mandibular division (V3)

50
Q

where are the cell bodies of snesory neurons of the trigeminal nerves located

A

trigeminal ganglion

51
Q

what are the pathways of the tribeminal nerve divisions

A

ophthalamic division (V1)- superior orbital fissure, maxillary division (V2)-foramen rotundum, mandibular division (V3)-foramen ovale; mandibular foramen

52
Q

describe the abducens nerves and structure it passes though

A

somatic motor function, innervates lateral rectus muscle abducts eye, pass through superior orbital fissure

53
Q

list the 3 different functions of facial nerves

A

sensory function, somatic motor function, and visceral motor function

54
Q

describe the sensory function of the facial nerves

A

special visceral sensory from taste buds on anterior 2/3 of tongue

55
Q

describe the somatic motor function of facial nerves

A

5 branches-innervae facial muscles

56
Q

describe visceral motor function of the facial nerves

A

innervation of lacrimal glands, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

57
Q

what is the pathway of facial nerves

A

enter temporal bone though internal acoustic meatus

58
Q

function of vestibulocochlear nerves and its pathway

A

sensory nerve of hearing and equilibrium, vestibular branch-speical somatic sensory: equilibrium, cochlear branch-speical somatic sensory: hearing, pathway from inner ear cavity, fibers pass through internal acoustic meatus

59
Q

describe glossopharyngeal nerves

A

special visceral snesory from taste buds on posterior 1/3 of tongue, general visceral sensory

60
Q

describe the somatic and visceral motor functions of glossopharyngeal nerves, and its pathway

A

somatic motor function-elevate pharynx during swallowing

visceral motor function- innervate parotid salivary gland

pathway- fibers pass through jugular foramen

61
Q

describe the sensory, somatic motor, visceral motor functions, and pathway of the vagus nerves

A

sensory functions-general visceral sensory from thoracic and abdominal viscera, special visceral sensory-taste buds on epiglottis

somatic motor functions- skeletal muscles of pharynx and larynx

visceral motor functions-parasympathetic innervation to heart, lungs, abdominal viscera

pathway- fibers exit through jugular foramen

62
Q

function of accessory nerves

A

somatic motor function- innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

63
Q

what are the accessory nerves formed from, structure they pass, and where they exit

A

formed from ventral rootlets of C1-C5, doesn’t arise from brain stem, spinal rootlets merge to form this nerve, pas into skull though foramen magnum, exit skull through jugular foramen

64
Q

function of hypoglossal nerves and where do they exit

A

somatic motor function, innervates tongue muscles, exit skull through hypoglossal canal

65
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are found in the body

A

31

66
Q

how many pairs of cervical nerves

A

8 (C1-C8)

67
Q

how many pairs of thoracic nerves

A

12 (T1-T12)

68
Q

how many pairs of lumbar nerves

A

5 (L1-L5)

69
Q

how many pairs of sacral nerves

A

5 (S1-S5)

70
Q

how many pairs of coccygeal nerves

A

1 (Co1)

71
Q

what structure connects the spinal nerves to spinal cord

A

by dorsal root and ventral root

72
Q

spinal nerves branch into what

A

dorsal ramus and ventral ramus, which contain sensory and motor fibers

73
Q

function of rami communicantes

A

connect to base of ventral ramus, lead to sympathetic chain ganglia

74
Q

what does the dorsal rami innervate

A

neat, segmented pattern innervate back muscles

75
Q

what do intercostal nerves supply

A

intercostal muscles, skin, and abdominal wall

76
Q

define nerve plexus

A

a network of nerves

77
Q

where is the cervical plexus located

A

deep to sternocleidomastoid muscle

78
Q

what forms the cervical plexus

A

formed by ventral rami of 1-4pcervical nerves (C1-C4)

79
Q

name the most important nerve of the cervical plexus

A

phrenic nerve

80
Q

what is the phrenic nerve made up of, and what does it innervate

A

formed from fibers C3-C5, innervates diaphragm

81
Q

where is the brachial plexus located, formed by, and give rise to

A

lies in the neck and axilla, formed by ventral rami of C5-C8, cords give rise to main nerves of upper limb

82
Q

musculocutaneous

A

main branch of lateral cord, innervates biceps brachii and brachialis

83
Q

median

A

originates from both later and medial cords, innervates anterior forearm muscles and lateral palm

84
Q

ulnar

A

branches from medial cord, innervates intrinsic hand muscles and skin of medial hand

85
Q

list the nerves of form the posterior cord

A

radial and axillary

86
Q

radial

A

continuation of posterior cord, largest branch of brachial plexus, innervates muscles of posterior upper limb

87
Q

axillary

A

innervates deltoid and teres minor

88
Q

describe te lumbar plexus

A

arise from L1-L4, smaller branches innervate posterior abdominal wall and psoas muscle, main branches innervate anterior thigh

89
Q

femoral nerve

A

innervates anterior thigh muscles

90
Q

obturator nerve

A

innervates adductor muscles

91
Q

describe the sacral plexus

A

arises from spinal nerves L4-S4, caudal to lumbar plexus

92
Q

sciatic nerve

A

largest nerve of the sacral plexus

93
Q

name the 2 nerves found in one sheath that make up the sciatic nerve

A

tibial and common fibular (peroneal) nerve

94
Q

tibial nerve

A

innervates most of the posterior lower limb

95
Q

common fibular (peroneal) nerve

A

innervates muscles of anterolateral leg

96
Q

superior and inferior gluteal nerves

A

innervate gluteal muscles

97
Q

pudendal nerve

A

innervates muscles of perineum

98
Q

dermatome

A

an area of skin, innervated by cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve

99
Q

describe shingles (herpes zoster)

A

viral infection, stem from chicken pox, often brought on by stress, experienced by people over 50b

100
Q

migraine headache

A

relates to sensory innervation of cerebral arteries, which dilate and compress and irritate sensory nerve endings

101
Q

what is peripheral neuropathy

A

pathological condition of peripheral nerves

102
Q

symptoms of peripheral neuropathy

A

symptoms of sensory nerve: paresthesia, pain, burning, loss of sensation

symptoms of motor nerve: muscle weakness and paralysis

103
Q

cases of peripheral neuropathy

A

trauma, repetitive use, systemic disorders (HIV, diabetes, vitamin B deficiency)

104
Q

describe the PNS during weeks 4 and 5

A

spinal nerves form late in week 4, 31 pairs present, during week 5 nerves reach organs they innervate

Anatomy (20 decks)

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