E4 Ch. 19 Flashcards
describe the pulmonary circuit
right side of heart receives oxygen-poor blood from body and pumps it to the lungs
describe the systemic circuit
left side of heart receives oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps throughout the body
where does the atria receive blood from
receives blood from the pulmonary and systemic circuits
function of ventricles
pumping chambers of the heart
how much does a typical healthy heart weight
250-350 grams
where does the apex of the heart lie
to the left of the midline
what is the base of the heart
the broad posterior surface
which ribs is the superior right of the heart located b/t
costal cartilage of 3rd rib and sternum
where is the inferior right of the heart located
costal cartilage of 6th rib lateral to sternum
where is the superior left of the heart located
costal cartilage of 2nd rib lateral to sternum
where is the inferior left of the heart located
lies in the 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line
name the 2 primary layers of the pericardium
fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium
describe the fibrous pericardium
strong layer of dense connective tissue
name the two layers that form the serous pericardium
parietal layer and visceral layer of the serous pericardium
name the 3 layers of the heart wall
epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
describe the epicardium
visceral layer of the serous pericardium
describe the myocardium
consist of cardiac muscle, muscle arranged n circular and spiral patterns
describe the endocardium
endothelium resting on a layer of connective tissue, lines the internal walls of the heart
though what vessels does the right atrium receive oxygen poor blood from the systemic circuit
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
pectinate muscles
ridges inside anterior of right atrium
crista terminalis
landmark used to locate veins entering right atrium
fossa ovalis
depression in interatrial septum, remnant of foramen ovale
what is another name for the tricuspid valve
atrioventricular valve (AV valve)
which of the heart ventricles makes up the posterior surface
left atrium
trabeculae carneae
the ridges lining the ventricles of the heart wall
list the functions of the cardiac skeleton
anchors valve cusps, precent over dilation of valve openings, main point of insertion for cardiac muscle, blocks direct spread of electrical impulses
describe the “lub-dup” sound of valves
1st sound “lub”- AV valves closing
2nd sound “dup”- semilunar valves closing
systole
contraction of a heart chamber
diastole
expansion of a heart chamber
how do the walls of the atria and ventricles differ in thickness
atria- thin walls
ventricles- thick walls
why is the left ventricles 3X thicker than the right ventricle
exerts more pumping force need to pump blood to the systemic circuit which has greater resistance to blood flow
list the 3 types of cell junctions found w/in the intercalated discs
desmosomes, fasciae adherens, and gap junctions
what important chemical is used to trigger the heart to contract
Ca2+
sinoatrial (SA) node
sets the inherent rate of contraction; HR
describe the conducting pathway from the SA node
internodal pathway to AV node to AV bundle to bundle branches to purkinje fibers
cardioinhibitory center influences what
parasympathetic neurons
cardioacceleratory center influences what
sympathetic neurons
function of the coronary arteries
blood supply to the muscular walls and tissues of the heart; right and left coronary artery
function of coronary sinus
runs in the posterior part of coronary sulcus, returns majority of venus blood from the heart to the right atrium
atherosclerosis
coronary artery disease; fatty deposits
angina pectoris
chest pain
myocardial infraction
blocked coronary artery; heart attack
heart failure
progressive weakening of the heart, cannot meet body’s demands for oxygenated blood
congestive heart failure (CHF)
heart enlarges, pumping efficiency declines
pulmonary arterial hypertension
enlargement and potential failure of right ventricle
arrythmias
variation from normal heart rhythm
ventricular fibrillation
raid, random firing of electrical impulses in the ventricles, results from crippled conducting system, common cause of cardiac arrest
what area of the chest is the aortic valve best heard
2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin
what area of the chest is the pulmonary valve best heard
2nd intercostal space at left sternal margin
what area of the chest is the tricuspid valve best heard
right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space
what area of the chest is the mitral valve best heard
5th intercostal space in line w/ middle of clavicle
one full cycle includes what
contraction and relaxation of heart is one cycle
atrial fibrillation
impulses circle w/in atrial myocardium, stimulating AV node, promotes formation of clots (strokes), characterized by anxiety, fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations
list the chambers of the heart that form from tail to head
sinus venous, atrium, ventricle, and bulbus cordis
what does the sinus venosus become
smooth-walled part of right atrium, coronary sinus, and SA node
what does the atrium develop into
ridged parts of right and atria
what does the ventricle develop into
gives rise to left ventricle
what does the bulbus cordis
rise to the pulmonary trunk and 1st part of aorta, left ventricle
how early can congenital heart defects be traced
2 months of development
describe two basic categories of defect
inadequately oxygenated blood reaches body tissue, and ventricles labor under increased workload
what are some age-related changes that happen to the heart
hardening/thickening of heart valve cusps, decline in cardiac reserve, and fibrosis of cardiac muscle
