E4 Ch. 21 Flashcards by princess Ebuenga

main function of lymphatic system

return excess tissue fluid to blood vascular system

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function of lymphatic vessels

collect tissue fluid from loose connective tissue and carry it to great veins in the neck

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main function of immune system

protects from foreign organisms, immunity to disease

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list the main components associated with the immune system

lymphocytes, lymphoid tissue, and lymphoid organs

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which direction does lymph flow

only towards the heart

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describe lymph capillaries and their function

smallest lymph vessels, highly permeable, and are the 1st to receive lymph

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function of collecting lymphatic vessels

collect from lymph capillaries

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where are lymph nodes found

scattered along collection vessels

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function of lymph trunks

collect lymph from collecting vessels

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function of lymph ducts

empty into veins of the neck

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what type of molecules can enter capillaries

tissue fluid, protein molecules, bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells

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what are lacteals, where are they located, and function

specialized lymphatic capillaries, located on villi of small intestines, receive digested fats

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what is chyle

term used for fatty lymph

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what are the mechanisms that are used to propel lymph

bulging of skeletal muscles, pulsing of nearby arteries, tunica media of lymph vessels, not aided by heartbeat

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function of lymph nodes

cleanse lymph of pathogens

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how many lymph nodes does the body contain

around 500

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what regions of the body are superficial lymph nodes located

cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions

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list the deep lymph nodes

tracheobronchial lymph nodes, aortic lymph nodes, and iliac lymph nodes

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fibrous capsule

surrounds lymph nodes

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trabeculae

connective tissue strands extend inward to divide lymph node into segments

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afferent lymphatic vessels

convex aspect of a lymph node where lymph enters

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efferent lymphatic vessels

area where lymph exits lymph node at the hilum

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list the major lymph trunks

5; lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular trunks

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where do lumbar trunks receive lymph from

lower limbs

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where do intestinal trunks receive chyle from

receives chyle from digestive organs

where does the bronchomediastinal trunk collect lymph from

thoracic viscera

where does the subclavian trunk receive lymph from

upper limbs and thoracic wall

where does the jugular trunk receive lymph from

head and neck

list the different types of lymph ducts

cisterna chyli, thoracic, and right lymphatic duct

where is the cisterna chyli located

at the union of lumbar and intestinal trunks

where does the thoracic duct empty into

venous circulation, unction of L internal jugular and L subclavian vein, drains three-qarters of the body

where doe the right lymphatic duct empty into

R internal jugular and subclavian veins

general function of the immune system

recognized foreign molecules, destroys pathogens, lymphocytes (key cells of immune system)

list the lymphoid organs

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, aggregated lymphoid nodules, and appendix

when infections organisms trigger an inflammatory response which are attacked by

macrophages, then lymphocytes

what are antigens

any molecules inducing a response from a lymphocyte

what are the two main classes of lymphocytes

B and T lymphocytes

what do B lymphocytes become

plasma cells

function of plasma cells

secrete antibodies which mark cells for destruction by marcopphages

B lymphocytes respond primarily to what

bacteria and bacterial toxins

where do lymphocytes originate

in bone marrow

which lymphocytes travel to the thymus gland

T lymphocytes

which lymphocytes stay in bone marrow

B lymphocytes

what are some characteristics of activated lymphocytes

able to recognize unique antigen, immunocompetence, travel bloodstream (meet/bind to specific antigen), proliferate rapidly

both T and B lymphocytes produce clones of

effector lymphocytes, and memory cells

describe effector lymphocytes

respond immediately, then die

describe memory cells

wait until body encounters antigen again, basis of acquired immunity, prevent subsequent infections of same illness

what are the primary lymphoid organs

bone marrow and thymus

what are the secondary lymphoid organs

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, aggregated lymphoid nodules, and appendix

what are lymphoid organs designed to do

gather and destroy infectious microorganisms and to store lymphocytes

function of thymus

secretes thymic hormones,

when is the thymus most active

in childhood

what happens to the thymus with age

functional tissue atrophies

what is the thymus composed of

cortex and medulla (contains thymic corpuscles)

how is the thymus different from other lymphoid organs

functions strictly in lymphocyte maturation, arises from epithelial tissue

function of lymph nodes

lymph percolates though lymph sinuses, site where most antigenic challenges occur

which is the largest lymphoid organ

spleen

what are the 2 main blood-clensing functions of the spleen

remove blood borne antigens and destruction of old/defective blood cells, site of hematopoiesis in fetus

what are the other functions of the spleen

destruction of antigens, phagocytosis of bacteria and worn-out RBC, WBC, and platelets, and storage of platelets

describe the white pulp

thick sleeves of lymphoid tissue that provides the immune function of the spleen where blood borne antigens destroyed as they activate the immune response

what is the red pulp composed of

venous sinuses, splenic cords, responsible for disposing of worn-out RBCs

what is the simplest lymphoid organ

tonsils

name the 4 groups of tonsils

palatine, lingual, pharyngeal, and tubal tonsils

describe how the structure of tonsils aid with its function

arranged in a ring to gather and remove pathogens

what is MALT and where is it found

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue; found in underlying lamina propria, fight invading bacteria, and generate wide variety of memory lymphocytes

aggregated lymphoid nodules location

peyer's patches, located in distal part of small intestine

chylothorax

leakage of fatty lymph into thorax

lymphagitis

inflammation of a lymph vessel

mononucleosis

viral disease caused by epstein-barr virus, attacks B lymphocytes

hodgkins lymphoma

cancer of lymph nodes

non-hodgkin's lymphoma

uncontrolled multiplication and metastasis of undifferentiated lymphocytes

where do lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes develop from

lymphatic sacs

thymus originates from

as an outgrowth of the endoderm

what arises from mesodermal mesenchyme

spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT

E4 Ch. 21 Flashcards

(74 cards)