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Anatomy > E4 Ch. 21 > Flashcards

E4 Ch. 21 Flashcards

1
Q

main function of lymphatic system

A

return excess tissue fluid to blood vascular system

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2
Q

function of lymphatic vessels

A

collect tissue fluid from loose connective tissue and carry it to great veins in the neck

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3
Q

main function of immune system

A

protects from foreign organisms, immunity to disease

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4
Q

list the main components associated with the immune system

A

lymphocytes, lymphoid tissue, and lymphoid organs

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5
Q

which direction does lymph flow

A

only towards the heart

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6
Q

describe lymph capillaries and their function

A

smallest lymph vessels, highly permeable, and are the 1st to receive lymph

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7
Q

function of collecting lymphatic vessels

A

collect from lymph capillaries

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8
Q

where are lymph nodes found

A

scattered along collection vessels

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9
Q

function of lymph trunks

A

collect lymph from collecting vessels

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10
Q

function of lymph ducts

A

empty into veins of the neck

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11
Q

what type of molecules can enter capillaries

A

tissue fluid, protein molecules, bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells

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12
Q

what are lacteals, where are they located, and function

A

specialized lymphatic capillaries, located on villi of small intestines, receive digested fats

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13
Q

what is chyle

A

term used for fatty lymph

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14
Q

what are the mechanisms that are used to propel lymph

A

bulging of skeletal muscles, pulsing of nearby arteries, tunica media of lymph vessels, not aided by heartbeat

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15
Q

function of lymph nodes

A

cleanse lymph of pathogens

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16
Q

how many lymph nodes does the body contain

A

around 500

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17
Q

what regions of the body are superficial lymph nodes located

A

cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions

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18
Q

list the deep lymph nodes

A

tracheobronchial lymph nodes, aortic lymph nodes, and iliac lymph nodes

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19
Q

fibrous capsule

A

surrounds lymph nodes

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20
Q

trabeculae

A

connective tissue strands extend inward to divide lymph node into segments

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21
Q

afferent lymphatic vessels

A

convex aspect of a lymph node where lymph enters

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22
Q

efferent lymphatic vessels

A

area where lymph exits lymph node at the hilum

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23
Q

list the major lymph trunks

A

5; lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular trunks

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24
Q

where do lumbar trunks receive lymph from

A

lower limbs

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25
Q

where do intestinal trunks receive chyle from

A

receives chyle from digestive organs

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26
Q

where does the bronchomediastinal trunk collect lymph from

A

thoracic viscera

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27
Q

where does the subclavian trunk receive lymph from

A

upper limbs and thoracic wall

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28
Q

where does the jugular trunk receive lymph from

A

head and neck

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29
Q

list the different types of lymph ducts

A

cisterna chyli, thoracic, and right lymphatic duct

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30
Q

where is the cisterna chyli located

A

at the union of lumbar and intestinal trunks

31
Q

where does the thoracic duct empty into

A

venous circulation, unction of L internal jugular and L subclavian vein, drains three-qarters of the body

32
Q

where doe the right lymphatic duct empty into

A

R internal jugular and subclavian veins

33
Q

general function of the immune system

A

recognized foreign molecules, destroys pathogens, lymphocytes (key cells of immune system)

34
Q

list the lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, aggregated lymphoid nodules, and appendix

35
Q

when infections organisms trigger an inflammatory response which are attacked by

A

macrophages, then lymphocytes

36
Q

what are antigens

A

any molecules inducing a response from a lymphocyte

37
Q

what are the two main classes of lymphocytes

A

B and T lymphocytes

38
Q

what do B lymphocytes become

A

plasma cells

39
Q

function of plasma cells

A

secrete antibodies which mark cells for destruction by marcopphages

40
Q

B lymphocytes respond primarily to what

A

bacteria and bacterial toxins

41
Q

where do lymphocytes originate

A

in bone marrow

42
Q

which lymphocytes travel to the thymus gland

A

T lymphocytes

43
Q

which lymphocytes stay in bone marrow

A

B lymphocytes

44
Q

what are some characteristics of activated lymphocytes

A

able to recognize unique antigen, immunocompetence, travel bloodstream (meet/bind to specific antigen), proliferate rapidly

45
Q

both T and B lymphocytes produce clones of

A

effector lymphocytes, and memory cells

46
Q

describe effector lymphocytes

A

respond immediately, then die

47
Q

describe memory cells

A

wait until body encounters antigen again, basis of acquired immunity, prevent subsequent infections of same illness

48
Q

what are the primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow and thymus

49
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, aggregated lymphoid nodules, and appendix

50
Q

what are lymphoid organs designed to do

A

gather and destroy infectious microorganisms and to store lymphocytes

51
Q

function of thymus

A

secretes thymic hormones,

52
Q

when is the thymus most active

A

in childhood

53
Q

what happens to the thymus with age

A

functional tissue atrophies

54
Q

what is the thymus composed of

A

cortex and medulla (contains thymic corpuscles)

55
Q

how is the thymus different from other lymphoid organs

A

functions strictly in lymphocyte maturation, arises from epithelial tissue

56
Q

function of lymph nodes

A

lymph percolates though lymph sinuses, site where most antigenic challenges occur

57
Q

which is the largest lymphoid organ

A

spleen

58
Q

what are the 2 main blood-clensing functions of the spleen

A

remove blood borne antigens and destruction of old/defective blood cells, site of hematopoiesis in fetus

59
Q

what are the other functions of the spleen

A

destruction of antigens, phagocytosis of bacteria and worn-out RBC, WBC, and platelets, and storage of platelets

60
Q

describe the white pulp

A

thick sleeves of lymphoid tissue that provides the immune function of the spleen where blood borne antigens destroyed as they activate the immune response

61
Q

what is the red pulp composed of

A

venous sinuses, splenic cords, responsible for disposing of worn-out RBCs

62
Q

what is the simplest lymphoid organ

A

tonsils

63
Q

name the 4 groups of tonsils

A

palatine, lingual, pharyngeal, and tubal tonsils

64
Q

describe how the structure of tonsils aid with its function

A

arranged in a ring to gather and remove pathogens

65
Q

what is MALT and where is it found

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue; found in underlying lamina propria, fight invading bacteria, and generate wide variety of memory lymphocytes

66
Q

aggregated lymphoid nodules location

A

peyer’s patches, located in distal part of small intestine

67
Q

chylothorax

A

leakage of fatty lymph into thorax

68
Q

lymphagitis

A

inflammation of a lymph vessel

69
Q

mononucleosis

A

viral disease caused by epstein-barr virus, attacks B lymphocytes

70
Q

hodgkins lymphoma

A

cancer of lymph nodes

71
Q

non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

uncontrolled multiplication and metastasis of undifferentiated lymphocytes

72
Q

where do lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes develop from

A

lymphatic sacs

73
Q

thymus originates from

A

as an outgrowth of the endoderm

74
Q

what arises from mesodermal mesenchyme

A

spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT

Anatomy (20 decks)

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