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Anatomy > E5 Ch. 17 > Flashcards

E5 Ch. 17 Flashcards

1
Q

define endocrinology

A

study of hormones and endocrine glands

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2
Q

list the various pure endocrine organs

A

pituitary, pineal gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands

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3
Q

list the organs containing large portion of endocrine cells

A

pancreas, thymus, gonads, and hypothalamus

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4
Q

list the various organs that contain some endocrine cells

A

heart, digestive tract, kidneys, and skin

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5
Q

what type of molecules are secreted by the endocrine system

A

hormones

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6
Q

what are the two classes of hormones

A

amino acid-based and steroids (derived from cholesterol)

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7
Q

what is the basic action of hormones

A

circulate throughout body in blood vessels influencing only target cells (different effects on different target cells)

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8
Q

list the different types of stimuli that trigger secretion of hormones

A

humoral, neural, and hormonal

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9
Q

describe humoral hormone secretions

A

secretion in direct response to changing ion or nutrient levels in blood

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10
Q

describe neural hormone secrtion

A

sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate cells in adrenal medulla, induces release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

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11
Q

describe hormonal hormone secretion

A

stimuli received from other glands, certain hormones signal secretion of other hormones

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12
Q

what controls hormone secretion

A

feedback loops

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13
Q

how many hormones does the pituitary gland secrete

A

9 major hormones

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14
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A

attached to hypothalamus by infundibulum

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15
Q

what are the 2 basic divisions of the pituitary gland

A

anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

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16
Q

what are the 3 major division of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis

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17
Q

what are the 2 major divisions of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

pars nervosa and infundibulum

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18
Q

describe the pars distalis

A

largest of anterior lobe, contain 5 different endocrine cells, makes/secretes 7 different hormones, tropic hormones regulate hormone secretion by other glands (TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH)

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19
Q

what hormones are secreted by the anterior lobe

A

MSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH

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20
Q

what produces the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and what does it signal

A

produced by thyrotropic cells; signals thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone

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21
Q

what does the adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulate

A

adrenal cortex to secrete hormones that help cope w/ stress

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22
Q

what produces gonadotropins

A

gonadotropic cells; FSH and LH

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23
Q

what produces growth hormones (GH) and what does it stimulate

A

produced by somatotropic cells, stimulates body growth by stimulating increased protein production and growth of epiphyseal plates, directly/indirectly by liver’s secretion of insulin-like growth factor-1

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24
Q

function of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

in humans, functions in appetite suppression

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25
Q

what produces prolactin, and its function

A

produced by prolactin cells, targets milk-producing glands in breast- stimulates milk production

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26
Q

what are the 5 cell types of the anterior lobe classified as

A

acidophils, basophils, and chromophobes

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27
Q

how does the hypothalamus control anterior lobe hormones

A

exerts control by secreting releasing hormones (prompt anterior lobe to release hormones), and inhibiting hormones (turn off secretion of anterior lobe hormones)

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28
Q

describe how releasing hormones are secreted

A

like neurotransmitters; enter primary capillary plexus to hypophyseal portal veins to secondary capillary plexus, hormones secreted y anterior lobe enter general circulation and travel to target organs

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29
Q

what makes up the hypothalamohypophyseal tract

A

axons of the posterior lobe, arise from neuronal cell bodies in the hypothalamus

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30
Q

what hormones does the posterior lobe make an release

A

doesn’t make hormones just stores and releases hormones made in hypothalamus; antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

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31
Q

where is ADH made and its target

A

made in supraoptic nucleus, targets kidneys to resorb water

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32
Q

where is oxytocin produced and function

A

produced in paraventricular nucleus; induces smooth muscle contraction of reproductive organs, ejects milk during breast-feeding, and signals contraction of uterus during birth

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33
Q

where is the thyroid gland located and what is it composed of

A

located in anterior neck (largest purely endocrine gland), composed of follicles and areolar CT

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34
Q

what hormones does the thyroid gland produce

A

thyroid hormone (TH) and calcitonin

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35
Q

where are the parathyroid glands located

A

on posterior surface of thyroid gland

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36
Q

list the types of endocrine cells the parathyroid glands contain

A

chief cells, and oxyphil cells

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37
Q

function of chief cells

A

produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), increase blood concentration of Ca2+ (calcium)

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38
Q

function of oxyphil cells

A

function unknown

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39
Q

describe the adrenal (suprarenal) glands

A

pyramid-shaped, located on superior surface of each kidney, supplies ~ 60 suprarenal arteries, nerve supply almost exclusively sympathetic fibers

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40
Q

describe the function of the adrenal medulla

A

cluster of neurons, derived from neural crest, part of the sympathetic NS

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41
Q

describe the adrenal cortex

A

forms bulk of gland, derived from somatic mesoderm

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42
Q

what do all adrenal hormones do

A

help body cope w/ danger, terror, or stress

43
Q

what are medullary chromaffin cells

A

modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons that secrete amine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

44
Q

function of epinephrine, norepinephrine and where are they stored

A

enhance “flight or fight” response, hormones stored in secretory vesicles

45
Q

what does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

lipid-based steroid hormones

46
Q

list the layers that comprise the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis

47
Q

how are the cells of the zona glomerulosa arranged

A

in spherical clusters

48
Q

how are the cells of the zona fasciculata arranged

A

parallel cords; contains lipid droplets

49
Q

how are the cells of the zona reticularis arranged

A

branching network

50
Q

what class of hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete list them

A

hormones are corticosteriods; mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

51
Q

describe aldosterone, where are they secreted and why

A

mineralocorticoid; secreted by zona glomerulos, secreted in response to decline in blood volume/ BP, is the terminal hormone of the renin-angiotensin mechanism

52
Q

what is the main type of glucocorticoids, where are they secreted and what do they do

A

cortisol main type; secreted by zona fasciculata and zona reticularis, helps body deal w/ stressful situations

53
Q

where is the pineal gland located

A

located on roof of diencephaon

54
Q

how are pinealocytes arranged

A

in spherical clusters and branching cords

55
Q

“pineal sand”

A

radiopaque; used as landmark to identify other brain structures in X-ray films

56
Q

what do pinealocytes secrete

A

melatonin; a hormone that regulates circadian rhythms

57
Q

where is the pancreas located

A

posterior abdominal call

58
Q

name the exocrine and endocrine cells of the pancreas

A

exocrine- acinar cells

endocrine- pancreatic islets

59
Q

what do acinar cells secrete

A

digestive enzymes

60
Q

list the main endocrine cells types of the pancreas

A

alpha and beta

61
Q

what do alpha cells secrete and function

A

secrete glucagon; signal liver to release glucose from glycogen, raise blood sugar

62
Q

what do beta cells secrete and function

A

secrete insulin; signal most body cells to take up glucose from blood, promote storage of glucose as glycogen in liver, lower blood sugar

63
Q

list the 2 cell types that are found in pancreatic islets

A

delta and F (PP) cells

64
Q

what do delta cells secrete and function

A

secrete somatostatin; inhibit secretion of insulin and glucagon

65
Q

what do F (PP) cells secrete and function

A

secrete pancreatic polypeptide; may inhibit exocrine activity of the pancreas

66
Q

where is the thymus located

A

lower neck and anterior thorax

67
Q

function of thymus

A

site where T lymphocytes arise from precursor cells (transformation of lymphocytes stimulated by thymic hormones

68
Q

what are the 2 types of thymic hormones

A

peptide molecules; thymopoietin and thymosin

69
Q

where are the main sources of sex hormones

A

testes and ovaries

70
Q

what do interstitial cells of males secrete

A

androgens primarily testosterone

71
Q

function of testosterone

A

promote sperm formation, and maintains secondary sex characteristics

72
Q

female androgens are secreted by

A

theca folliculi

73
Q

what converts androgens to estrogen

A

by follicular granulosa cells

74
Q

function of estorgen

A

maintains secondary sex characteristics

75
Q

function of progesterone

A

preps uterus for pregnancy

76
Q

describe the endocrine cells found in the heart

A

atria contain atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

77
Q

what endocrine cells occur w/in the GI tract

A

enteroendocrine cells

78
Q

describe the endocrine cells found in the placenta

A

sustains fetus and secretes several steroid protein hormones

79
Q

describe the endocrine function of the kidneys

A

cells of juxtaglomerular complex (JGA) secrete renin

endothelia cells/interstitial CT secrete erythropoietin

80
Q

describe the endocrine function of the skin

A

modified cholesterol molecules convert to a precursor of vitamin D

81
Q

type of disorder is gigantism

A

pituitary disorder; hyper-secretion of GH in children

82
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A

hypo-secretion of GH

83
Q

what type of disorder is diabetes insipidus

A

pituitary disorder; pars nervosa doesn’t make enough ADH

84
Q

diabetes mellitus is what type of disorder

A

disorder of the pancreas

85
Q

what is the cause of diabetes mellitus

A

insufficient secretion of insulin, and resistance of body cells to the effects of insulin

86
Q

describe type 1 diabetes

A

sudden development usually before age 15

T cell-meidated autoimmune response destroys beta cells

87
Q

describe type 2 diabetes

A

adult onset (40 yrs), cells have lowered sensitivity to insulin, controlled by dietary changes and regular exercise

88
Q

what is Graves disease

A

most common type of hyperthyroidism; immune system makes abnormal antibodies (over secretion of TH by follicle cells), leads to nervousness, weight loss, seating, and rapid HR

89
Q

what is myxedema

A

adult hypothyroidism; antibodies attack/destroy thyroid tissue, low metabolic rate/weight gain common symptoms

90
Q

cause of endemic goiter

A

lack of iodine in diet

91
Q

what is cretinism

A

hypothyroidism in children, results in short, disproportionate body; thick tongue; and mental retardation

92
Q

cause of Cushing’s syndrome

A

caused by hyper-secretion of glucocorticoid hormones-usually a pituitary tumor

93
Q

addison’s disease

A

hypo-secretory disorder of the adrenal cortex, deficiencies of both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

94
Q

where does the thyroid gland form from

A

a chickening of endoderm on the floor of the pharynx

95
Q

where do the parathyroids and thymus gland form from

A

endoderm lining the pharyngeal pouches

96
Q

where does the pineal gland originate from

A

ependymal cells

97
Q

where does the pituitary gland originate from

A

adenohypophysis originates from roof of mouth

neurophypophysis grows inferiorly from the floor of the brain

98
Q

where do the adrenal glans from from

A

adrenal medulla- neural crest cells of nearby sympathetic trunk ganglia

adrenal cortex- mesoderm lining the coelom

99
Q

what happens to the anterior pituitary as we age

A

increase in CT and lipofuscin, decrease in vascularization and # of hormone-secreting cells

100
Q

what happens to the adrenal cortex as we age

A

normal rates of glucocorticoid secretion continue

101
Q

what happens to the adrenal medulla as we age

A

no age-relatd changes in catecholamines

102
Q

what happens to thyroid hormones as we age

A

decrease slightly w/ age

103
Q

what happens to parathyroid glands as we age

A

little change w/ aging

104
Q

what happens to GH, DHEA, and sex hormones as we age

A

marked drops in secretion w/ age

Anatomy (20 decks)

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