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Anatomy > E5 Ch. 23 > Flashcards

E5 Ch. 23 Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 groups are the organs of the digestive system divided into

A

alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

list the organs that belong to the alimentary canal

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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3
Q

list the accessory digestive organs

A

teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

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4
Q

how are accessory organs and alimentary canals connected

A

via ducts

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5
Q

list the 4 lines that divide the abdominal wall

A

midclavicular (vertical lines), subcostal plane (superior horizontal), transtubercular plane (inferior horizontal

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6
Q

peritoneum

A

serious membrane

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7
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

surrounds digestive organs

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8
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

lines body wall

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9
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

slitlike potential space

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10
Q

what is a mesentery and its function

A

double layer of peritoneum; holds organs in place, fat storage, provide route for circulatory vessels/nerves

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11
Q

name the structures found in the ventral mesenteries

A

falciform ligament and lesser omentum

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12
Q

function of falciform ligament

A

binds anterior part of liver to anterior abdominal wall

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13
Q

function of lesser omentum

A

attaches liver to lesser curvature of stomach

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14
Q

list the dorsal mesenteries

A

greater omentum, transverse mesocolon, and sigmoid mesocolon

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15
Q

function of greater omentum

A

connects greater curvature of stomach to posterior abdominal wall, “fatty apron”

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16
Q

function of transverse mesocolon

A

holds transverse colon in place

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17
Q

function of sigmoid mesocolon

A

connects sigmoid colon to posterior pelvic wall

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18
Q

retroperitoneal organs

A

behind the peritoneum

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19
Q

peritoneal organs

A

digestive organs that keep their mesentery

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20
Q

where does ingestion occur

A

mouth

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21
Q

propulsion

A

movement of food

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22
Q

peristalsis

A

major means of propulsion; adjacent segments of alimentary canal relax and contract

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23
Q

mechanical breakdown

A

preps food for chemical digestion; chewing, churning food in stomach, and segmentation

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24
Q

what is segmentation

A

rhythmic local constrictions of intestine; mixes food w/ digestive juices

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25
Q

what is chemical digestion and where does it occur

A

complex molecules broken down to chemical components; mouth, stomach, and small intestine

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26
Q

absorption

A

transport of digested nutrients

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27
Q

defecation

A

elimination of indigestible substances as feces

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28
Q

list the 4 layers of the alimentary canal

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

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29
Q

what are the sublayers of the mucosa

A

epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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30
Q

what structures are found in the submucosa

A

blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers

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31
Q

name the 2 layers that make up the muscularis externa

A

circular muscularis (inner layer) and longitudinal muscularis (outer layer)

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32
Q

what is the serosa

A

the visceral peritoneum

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33
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

walls of viscera

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34
Q

describe the longitudinal layer

A

parallell to long axis of organ

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35
Q

describe the circular layer

A

deeper layer, fibers run around circumference of organ

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36
Q

what is the mechanism of contraction with smooth muscles

A

myofilaments operate by interaction w/ cytoskeleton, dense bodies correspond to Z-discs of skeletal muscle; sliding myofilaments shorten muscle cells by pulling on ctoskeleton

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37
Q

what is the rate of contraction with smooth muscles

A

contraction slow and sustained (30X longer to contract/relax), resistant to fatigue, low energy requirements

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38
Q

innervation of smooth muscles via

A

ANS

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39
Q

single-unit innervation

A

few fibers per sheet innervated; sheet of smooth muscle contracts as a unit

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40
Q

multiunit innervation

A

each smooth muscle cell innervated (e.g. iris of eye and arrector pili muscles)

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41
Q

where is the myenteric nerve plexus lie and what does it control

A

leis b/t circular and longitudinal muscularis; controls peristalsis and segmentation

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42
Q

where is the submucosal nerve plexus located and function

A

lies in submucosa; signals glands to secrete

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43
Q

list the boundaries of the mouth (oral cavity)

A

lips (anteriorly), cheeks (laterally), palate (superiorly), tongue (inferiorly), fauces of oropharynx (posteriorly)

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44
Q

what type of cells are found in the mucosal layer of the oral cavity

A

stratified squamous epi

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45
Q

what muscles are the lips and cheeks formed from

A

orbicularis oris and buccinator

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46
Q

function of labial fernulum

A

connects lips to gum

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47
Q

name the boundaries of the fauces

A

palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

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48
Q

function of the tongue

A

grips food, repositions, helps form some consonants

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49
Q

function of the lingual frenulum

A

secures tongue to floor of mouth

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50
Q

where are intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue located

A

intrinsic muscles- w/in tongue

extrinsic muscles-external to tongue

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51
Q

list the types of tongue papillae

A

filiform (no taste buds), fungiform, and vallet papillae

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52
Q

what is the sulcus terminalis

A

marks border b/t mouth and pharynx

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53
Q

where does the posterior 1/3 of the tongue lie

A

in oropharynx; lined w/ lingual tonsil

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54
Q

how many deciduous teeth do we have and when do they appear

A

20; 6 months of age

55
Q

how many permanent teeth de we have and when do they appear

A

32, most erupt by end of adolescence

56
Q

what is the dental formula

A

shorthand; formula for adult dentition indicates number and position of teeth (e.g. 2K, 1C, 2P, 3M

57
Q

what type of innervation is in the upper teeth

A

superior alveolar nerves branching from maxillary division of CN V

58
Q

what type of innervation is in the lower teeth

A

inferior alveolar nerves branching from mandibular branch of CN V

59
Q

crown

A

exposed surface of tooth

60
Q

root

A

in tooth socket

61
Q

what is the outer layer of the tooth

A

enamel

62
Q

dentin

A

underlies enamel

63
Q

pulp cavity

A

center of tooth

64
Q

what type of cells are found in parotid glands

A

only serious cells

65
Q

where are submandibular glands located

A

lie along medial surface of mandible

66
Q

where are sublingual glands located and why type of cells do they contain

A

lie in floor or oral cavity, contain primarily mucous cells

67
Q

what type of epi are found in the oropharynx and laryngophary x

A

stratified squamous epi

68
Q

function of the cardiac sphincter

A

closes lumen to prevent stomach acid from entering esophagus

69
Q

what type of tissue is found in the esophagus

A

stratified squamous epi

70
Q

what type of muscle is found in the esophagus

A

mixture of skeletal and smooth (middle 1/3), smooth (inferior 1/3)

71
Q

the stomach is the site for what

A

where food is churned into chyme

72
Q

what type of chemical does the stomach secret

A

pepsin; beings protein digestion

73
Q

how long does food typically remain in the stomach

A

approximately 4 hours

74
Q

name the 3 muscularis layers of the stomach

A

circular, longitudinal, and oblique layers

75
Q

what type of tissue is found in the stomach

A

simple columnar epi

76
Q

what is found in the mucosa of the stomach

A

gastric pits; gastric glands deep to gastric pits

77
Q

list the gastric glands of the fundus and body regions of the stomach

A

mucous neck cells, parietal (oxyntic) cells, and chief (zymogenic) cells

78
Q

what do mucous neck cells secrete

A

special mucus

79
Q

what do parietal (oxyntic) cells secrete

A

hydrochloric acid and gastric intrinsic factor

80
Q

wha do chief (zymogenic) cells secrete

A

pepsinogen; activated into pepsin when encounters acid in gastric glands

81
Q

what organ is the longest portion of the alimentary canal

A

small intestine

82
Q

what are the 3 subdivisions of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

83
Q

what type of innervations are in the small intestine

A

parasympathetic fibers from vagus nerves, sympathetic from thoracic splanchnic nerves

84
Q

what chemicals does the duodenum receive

A

digestive enzymes and bile

85
Q

what structures enter the duodenum

A

main pancreatic and common bile duct; sphincters control entry of bile and pancreatic juices

86
Q

what are some modifications for absorption found in the small intestine

A

circular folds, billi, and microvilli

87
Q

what are circular folds

A

transverse ridges of mucosa and submucosa

88
Q

what are villi

A

fingerlike projections of mucosa, covered w/ simple columnar epi

89
Q

what are microvilli

A

further increase surface area for absorption

90
Q

function of absorptive enterocytes

A

uptake digested nutrients

91
Q

function of goblet cells

A

secrete mucus that lubricates chyme

92
Q

function of enteroendocrine cells

A

secrete hormones

93
Q

intestinal crypts

A

epi cells secrete intestinal juice

94
Q

functions of the large intestine

A

small amount of digestion by bacteria, main function- absorb water and electrolytes

95
Q

list the subdivisions of the large intestine

A

cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal

96
Q

list the special features found on the large intestine

A

teniae coli, haustra, epiploic appendages

97
Q

teniae coli

A

thickening of longitudinal muscularis

98
Q

haustra

A

puckering created by teniae coli

99
Q

epiploic appendages

A

fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum

100
Q

cecum

A

blind pouch, beginning of large intestine

101
Q

what does the appendix contain and function

A

contains lymphoid tissue; neutralizes pathogens

102
Q

what is the anal canal and what type of tissue lines it

A

last subdivision of large intestine, lines w/ stratified squamous epi

103
Q

name the artery that supplies the first half of the large intestine

A

superior mesenteric artery

104
Q

innervations of the first half of large intestine

A

sympathetic- superior mesenteric and celiac ganglia

parasympathetic- vagus nerve

105
Q

name the artery that supplies the distal half of large intestine

A

inferior mesenteric artery

106
Q

innervations of the distal half of large intestine

A

sympathetic- inferior mesenteric and hypogastric plexuses

parasympathetic- pelvic splanchnic nerves

107
Q

type of tissue found in large intestine

A

simple columnar epithelial tissue, becomes stratified squamous epi at anal canal

108
Q

what is the largest gland in the body

A

liver

109
Q

what is the digestive function the liver

A

bile production

110
Q

hepatocyte

A

functional cells of liver

111
Q

what is the portal triad of the liver composed of

A

bile duct tributary, branch of hepatic portal vein, branch of hepatic artery

112
Q

function of hepatic macrophages

A

destroy bacteria

113
Q

function of gallbladder

A

stores and concentrates bile which emulsifies fats

114
Q

where does the gallbladder expel bile into

A

duodenum

115
Q

where and when is cholecystokinin released

A

from enteroendocrine cells in response to fatty chyme

116
Q

what type of functions does the pancreas carry out

A

both exocrine and endocrine functions

117
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas

A

produce insulin and glucagon, regulates blood sugar

118
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

produces most enzymes that digest food in small intestine

119
Q

what structures form the hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

area where main pancreatic duct joints bile duct; empties into duodenum

120
Q

where does the pancreas receives arterial supply from

A

hepatic, splenic, and superior mesenteric arteries

121
Q

what are the pancreas exocrine functions

A

acinar cells make, store, and secrete pancreatic enzymes which are activated in the duodenum

122
Q

what are peptic ulcers

A

erosions of the mucosa of a region of the alimentary canal

123
Q

where do gastric ulcers occur

A

in pyloric region of stomach

124
Q

where do duodenal ulcers occur

A

in duodenum of small intestine

125
Q

name and describe the pathogen that causes peptic ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylori; acid-resistant, binds to gastric epi, induces over secretion of acid and inflammation

126
Q

what are the 2 types of intestinal obstructions

A

mechanical and nonmechanical

127
Q

list the types of mechanical obstructions

A

adhesions, tumors, or foreign objects

128
Q

what are some causes of non-mechanical obstructions

A

halt in peristalsis; trauma, intestines touched during surgery

129
Q

what is fnflammatory bowel disease and list the 2 types

A

inflammation of intestinal wall; Crohn’s disease and Ulceratice colitis

130
Q

list the major types of viral hepatitis and what are some general symptoms

A

A, B, C and G; jundice and flulike symptoms

131
Q

describe how cystic fibrosis affects the pancreas

A

pancreatic ducts become blocked w/ mucus, which prevent pancreatic juices from entering small intestine, leads to malabsorption of fats and other nutrients

132
Q

during embryonic development, when is the alimentary canal formed and what does it enclose

A

week 3, encloses tubular portion of yolk sac

133
Q

what is the vitelline duct during embryonic development

A

landmark dividing into 3 regions: foregut, midgut, an hindgut

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