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Anatomy > E3 Ch. 12 > Flashcards

E3 Ch. 12 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 overlapping functions of the nervous system (NS)

A
  1. sensory receptors monitor changes inside/outside the body
  2. processes and interprets sensory input
  3. dictates a response by activating effector organs
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2
Q

stimulus

A

changes detected inside or outside the body

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3
Q

sensory input

A

information gathered by receptors

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4
Q

integration

A

term for interpreting input

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5
Q

motor output

A

the response

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6
Q

what is the CNS composed of

A

brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

function of the CNS

A

integrating and command center

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8
Q

what does the PNS consist of

A

nerves extending from brain and spinal cord (cranial nerves, and spinal nerves)

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9
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of neuronal cell bodies

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10
Q

sensory

A

(afferent) signals picked up by sensory receptors, carried by nerve fibers of PNS to the CNS

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11
Q

motor

A

(efferent) signals carried away from CNS, innervates muscle and glands

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12
Q

what are the main divisions of sensory input and motor output

A

somatic and visceral body regions

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13
Q

what are the 4 main subdivisions of sensory input and motor output

A

somatic sensory, visceral sensory, somatic motor, and visceral motor (autonomic nervous system)

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14
Q

where do somatic sensory receptors spread to

A

receptors spread throughout outer tube of body

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15
Q

types of sense somatic sensory receptors receive

A

touch, pain, vibration, pressure, tempt.

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16
Q

proprioceptive senses

A

detect stretch in tendons and muscles, body senses position and movement of body in space

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17
Q

what are special somatic senses

A

hearing, balance, vision, smell

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18
Q

what are the general visceral senses

A

stretch, pain, tempt, nausea, and hunger, widely felt in digestive and urinary tracts, and reproductive organs

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19
Q

what are some special visceral senses

A

taste and smell

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20
Q

what do general somatic motor signal

A

contraction of skeletal muscles, under our voluntary control

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21
Q

brachial motor

A

typical skeletal muscles derived from somitomeres

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22
Q

what does visceral motor regulate

A

contraction of smooth and cardiac muscles, makes up autonomic NS

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23
Q

what are the two main cell types found in nervous tissue

A

neurons and support cells (neuroglial cells in CNS)

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24
Q

function of neurons

A

transmit electrical signals

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25
Q

function of support cells

A

surround and wrap neurons

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26
Q

describe the neuron

A

basic structural unit of the NS, specialized cells conduct electrical impulses along the PM (nerve impulse)

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27
Q

list the special characteristics of neurons

A

longevity, do not divide, high metabolic rate

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28
Q

chromatophilic bodies (nissl bodies)

A

clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes, function to renew membranes of the neurons

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29
Q

neurofibrils

A

bundles of intermediate filaments, form network b/t chromatophilic bodies

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30
Q

where are most neuronal cell bodies located

A

w/ in the CNS

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31
Q

what are the neuronal cell bodies in the PNS called

A

ganglia

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32
Q

dendrites

A

extensively branching from the cell body, transmit electrical signals toward the cell body

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33
Q

where do chromatophilic bodies extend to

A

into the basal part of dendrites and to the base of the axon hillock, function as receptive sites for receiving signals from other neurons

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34
Q

axon

A

impulse generater/conductor, transmits impulses away from cell body

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35
Q

what type of filaments are found in the axon and what do they provide

A

neurofilaments, actin microfilaments, and microtubules, provide strength along length of axon aid in axonal transport

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36
Q

axonal transport

A

transport of substances to and from the cell body

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37
Q

terminal arboration (telodendria)

A

multiple branches at end of axon

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38
Q

terminal boutons (axon terminals)

A

end knobs found at the ends of terminal arboration

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39
Q

where are nerve impulses generated

A

at the initial segment of the axon, conducted along axon to the terminal boutons

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40
Q

what is released at the terminal boutons

A

neurotransmitters from vesicles

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41
Q

synapses

A

site at which neurons communicate, most info. passed though chemical messenger

42
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

conducts signal toward a synapse

43
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

transmits electrical activity away from a synapse

44
Q

axodendritic

A

b/t axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of another, most common type of synapse

45
Q

axosomatic

A

b/t axons and neuronal cell bodies

46
Q

synaptic vesicles on presynaptic side

A

membrane-bound sacs containing neurotransmitters, mitochondria abundant in axon terminals

47
Q

synaptic cleft

A

separates PM of the two neurons

48
Q

what are the 3 structural classifications of neurons

A

multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

49
Q

multipolar neurons

A

possess more than two processes, numerous dendrites and one axon

50
Q

bipolar neurons

A

possess two processes, rare neuron, found in some special sensory organs

51
Q

unipolar (pseudounipolar)

A

possess one short, single process, start as bipolar neurons during development

52
Q

what is the functional classification for neurons

A

according to the direction the nerve impulse travels relative to the CNS

53
Q

what are 3 types of neurons

A

sensory, motor, interneurons

54
Q

function of sensory neurons

A

transmit impulses toward CNS

55
Q

what do the short, singles process of sensory neurons divide into

A

central process: runs centrally into the CNS, most are unipolar

peripheral process: extends peripherally to the receptors

56
Q

function of motor (efferent) neurons

A

carry impulses away from CNS to effector organs, most are multipolar

57
Q

interneurons

A

multipolar, lie b/t motor and sensory neurons, confined to the CNS

58
Q

where are the 6 types of neuroglia found and what is their function

A

4 in CNS
2 in PNS
provide supportive functions for neurons and cover non synaptic regions of the neurons

59
Q

function of astrocytes

A

keeps capillaries and neurons close, wraps around each and regulates which substances get released to neurons

60
Q

what are microglia

A

smallest and least abundant glial cell, phagocytes-macrophages of CNS, engulf invading microorganisms/dead neurons.

61
Q

where are microglia derived from

A

blood cells called monocytes

62
Q

ependymal cells

A

line central cavity of spinal cord and brain, bear cilia-help circulate cerebrospinal fluid

63
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

wrap their cell processes around axons in CNS, produce myelin sheaths in CNS

64
Q

what are the different types of neuroglia in the CNS

A

astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes

65
Q

what are the different types of neuroglia in the PNS

A

satellite cells, and schwann cells

66
Q

satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies w/in ganglia

67
Q

schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

A

surround axons in the PNS, form myelin sheath around axons of the PNS

68
Q

describe myelin sheaths

A

segmented structures composed of lipoprotein myelin, surround thicker axons forming an insulating layer that prevents leakage of electrical current, and increases speed of impulse conduction

69
Q

myelin sheaths in the PNS are formed by what?

A

schwann cells

70
Q

neurilemma

A

outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm, material external to myelin layers

71
Q

which types of axons (thin or thick) is myelinated and non-myelinated

A

thick= myelinated

thin=non-myelinated

72
Q

where do oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths

A

CNS

73
Q

nerves

A

cable like organs in PNS consisting of numerous axons wrapped in connective tissue, most contain myelinated/nonmyelinated sensory and motor axons, which are surrounded by schwann cells

74
Q

endoneurium

A

layer of delicate connective tissue surrounding the axon

75
Q

perineurium

A

connective tissue wrapping surrounding a nerve fascicle

76
Q

nerve fascicles

A

group of axons bound into bundles

77
Q

epineurium

A

whole nerve is surrounded by tough fibrous sheath

78
Q

what is gray matter composed of

A

primarily of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, non-myelinated axons, surrounds white matter of CNS in cerebral cortex and cerebellum

79
Q

what is what matter composed of

A

myelinated axon, lies external to gray matter of CNS, consists of axons passing b/t specific regions of CNS

80
Q

tracts

A

bundles of axons traveling to similar destinations

81
Q

what do afferent PNS fibers respond to

A

sensory stimuli

82
Q

what do efferent PNS fibers do

A

transmit motor stimuli from CNS muscles and glands

83
Q

what re the nerves of the CNS composed of and function

A

composed of interneurons that receive sensory info, direct/transport info to specific CNS regions, and initiate appropriate motor responses

84
Q

reflex arcs

A

simple chains of neurons, responsible for reflexes, determine structural plan of the NS

85
Q

reflexes

A

rapid, autonomic motor responses that can be visceral or somatic

86
Q

what are the 5 parts to the reflex arcs

A
  1. receptor- site where stimulus acts
  2. sensory neuron- transmits afferent impulses to CNS
  3. integration center-consists of one or more synapses in the CNS
  4. motor neuron-conducts efferent impulses from integration center to affecter
  5. effector-muscle or gland cell
87
Q

monosynaptic reflex

A

“knee-jerk reflex” simplest and fastest of all reflexes, has just one synapse

88
Q

polysynaptic reflex

A

one or more interneurons part of pathway, w/drawl reflexes, interneurons signal motor neuron to contract muscles involved

89
Q

diverging circuit

A

one presynaptic neuron synapses w/ several other neurons

90
Q

converging circuit

A

many neurons synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron

91
Q

reverberating circuit

A

circuit that receives feedback via a collateral axon from a neuron in the circuit

92
Q

list the different types of neuronal circuits

A

diverging, converging, and reverberating

93
Q

list the different types of processing

A

serial and parallel processing

94
Q

serial processing

A

neurons pass a signal to a specific destination along a single pathway from one to another

95
Q

parallel processing

A

input is delivered along many pathways; a single sensory stimulus results in multiple perception

96
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

autoimmune disease where immune system attacks myelin around axons in CNS, cause incompletely understood

97
Q

neuronal regeneration

A

injuries may cause permanent dysfunction if axons alone are destroyed, cell bodies often survive and can regenerate axons

98
Q

neuronal regeneration in the PNS

A

macrophages invade and destroy axon distal to injury, axon filaments grow peripherally from inured site, partial recovery sometimes possible

99
Q

neuronal regeneration in the CNS

A

neuroglia never form bands to guide regrowing axons and may hinder axon growth w/ growth-inhibiting chemicals, no effective regeneration after injury to the spinal cord and brain

100
Q

where does nervous system develop from

A

dorsal ectoderm, invaginates to form neural tube and neural crest, tube walls being as neuroepithelial cells which later divide and become neuroblasts

Anatomy (20 decks)

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