Ch. 4 Flashcards
basic function of epithelial tissue
covering
basic function of connective tissue
support
basic function of muscle tissue
movement
basic function of nervous tissue
control
what are the 4 basic tissue types
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
how does epithelial tissue receive nutrients
from underlying connective tissue
simple epithelial
single layer of cells attached to basement membrane
stratified epithelia
multiple layers of cells, basal layer of cells attached to basement membrane
describe simple squamous epithelium
singe layer of flat cells with disc shaped nuclei
function of simple squamous epithelium
massage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration, secretes lubricating substances in serosae
where in the body would simple squamous epithelium be found
renal corpuscles, alveoli of lungs, singing of heart, lymphatic vessels, lining of central boy cavity (serosae)
describe simple cuboidal epithelium
single layer of tubelike cells with large spherical central nuclei
function of simple cuboidal epithelium
secretion and absorption
where in the body would simple cuboidal epithelium be found
kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
describe simple columnar epithelium
single layer of column-shaped (rectangular) cells with oval nuclei, some ciliated, and may contain goblet cells
function of simple columnar epithelium
absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances, ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells
where in the body would simple columnar epithelium be located
non-ciliated form: lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands
ciliated form: lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus
describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium
nuclei lie at varying heights w/in cells giving impression of stratification.
describe stratified squamous epithelium
many layers of squamous shape cells, deeper layers appear cuboidal or columnar,
what are the two types of stratified squamous epithelum
keratinized, and non-keratinized
where and what are the properties of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
located on epidermis, waterproof, surface cells are dead and full of keratin
where and what are the properties of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
forms moist lining of body openings
function of stratified squamous epithelium
protects undoing tissues in areas subject for abrasion
location of stratified squamous epithelium
keratinized- forms epidermis, non-keratinized- forms lining of mucous membranes
describe stratified cuboidal epithelium
generally 2 layers of cube-shaped cells
function of stratified cuboidal epithelium
protection
location of stratified cuboidal epithelium
forms ducts of mammary glands, salivary glands, and largest sweat glands
describe stratified columnar epithelium
several layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated
function of stratified columnar epithelium
protection and secretion
location of stratified columnar epithelium
rare tissue type, found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands
describe transitional epithelium
characteristics of stratified cuboidal and squamous cells, superficial cells dome-shaped when bladder is relaxed, squamous when full
function of traditional epithelium
permits dissension of urinary organs when they are filled with urine
location of traditional epithelium
urinary bladder, ureters, proximal urethra
endocrine glands
ductless glands that secrete directly into surrounding tissue fluid
what do endocrine glands produce
messenger molecules called hormones
importance of hormones
regulating body functions
exocrine glands
ducts carry products of exocrine gland to epithelial surface
what ducts are associated with exocrine glands
mucus-secreting glands, sweat/oil glands, salivary glands, and liver/pancreas
what do goblet cells produce
mucin
what makes up mucus
mucin + water
what are goblet cells
unicellular exocrine glands
what are the two basic parts of multicellular exocrine glands
epithelium-walled duct, and secretory unit
how are multicellular exocrine glands classified
by structure of duct; simple or compound
how are multicellular exocrine glands categorized
by secretory unit; tubular, alveolar, and tubuloalveolar
what are some factors binding epithelial cells together
adhesion proteins link plasma membranes of adjacent cells, contours of adjacent cell membranes, and special cell junctions
what is another name for tight junctions
zona occludens
function of tight junctions and where are they found
found at apical region, some proteins in PM of adjacent cells fused, prevent certain molecules from passing b/t cells of epithelial tissue
what is another name for adhesive belt junctins
zonula adherens- anchoring junction
describe structure of adhesive belt junctions
transmembrane linker proteins attach to actin microfilaments of cytoskeleton bind adjacent cells
what is the main type of junction for binding cells together
desmosomes
describe desmosomes
scattered along abutting sides of adjacent cells, cytoplasmic side of each PM has a plaque which are joined together by linker proteins, intermediate filaments extend across cytoplasm and anchor desmosomes on opposite side of cell.
where are desmosomes commonly found
cardiac muscle and epithelial tissue
function of gap junction
passageway b/t two adjacent cells, let small molecules move directly, connected by hollow cylinders of protein, function in intercellular communication
where is the basal lamina located
noncellular supporting sheet, boundary b/t epithelium and connective tissue
function of basal lamina
acts s selective filter, determining which molecules from capillaries enter epithelium, acts as scaffolding along which regenerating epithelial tissue cells can migrate
what forms the basement membrane
basal lamina and reticular layers of underlying connective tissue
what are microvilli
fingerlike extension of plasma membrane that have a core of actin filaments that stiffen the microvillus
where are microvilli abundant
kidney tubules and small intestine
function of microvilli
maximize surface across which small molecules enter or leave cell
what are cilia
whiplike, highly motile extensions of apical surface membranes
describe structure of cilia
contain core of microtubules held together by cross-linking and radial proteins, arrange in pairs (doublets)
how do cilia generate movement
when adjacent doublets grip each other w/ the motor protein dynein
what are the main classes of connective tissue
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone tissue, and blood
list some important functions of connective tissue types
form bars of skeleton, store/carry nutrients, surround blood vessels and nerves, lead fight against infection
list some special characteristics of connective tissue
few cells, abundant extracellular matrix (composed of ground substance and fibers) produced by cells of connective tissue, common embryonic origin: mesenchyme
what types of cells do areolar connective tissue contain
fat cells, WBC, and mast cells
list the 3 types of fibers found in connective tissue and their functions
collagen fibers- strongest; resist tension
reticular fibers- bundles of special type of cartilage
elastic fibers- contain elastin; recoil after stretching
what are the different types of connective tissue proper
loose connective (areolar, adipose, reticular), and dense connective (regular, irregular, elastic)
what are the different types of cartilage connective tissue
hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
what are the different types of bone connective tissue
compact bone and spongy bone
what types of fibers are found in the extracellular matrix of areolar connective tissue?
collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fiber
what are the 3 main functions of areolar connective tissue?
wraps/cushions organs, holds/conveys tissue fluid, role in inflammation
where in the body is areolar connective tissue found
under epithelia, packages organs, surrounds capillaries
describe adipose tissue
closely packed adipocytes, nucleus pushed to one side of fat droplet, richly vascularized
function of adipose tissue
provides reserve food fuel, insulates agains heat loss, support and protects organs
where in the body is adipose tissue located
unde skin, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, w/in abdomen, breasts, and hypodermis
purpose of brown adipose tissue
produces heat, occurs in babies to aid thermoregulation, in adults: b/t scapulae, side of anterior neck, and anterior abdominal wall
describe reticular connective tissue
network of reticular fibers in loose ground substance
function of reticular connective tissue
forms soft, internal skeleton (stroma), and supports other cell types
where in the body is reticular connective tissue found
lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen
describe dense connective tissues
resist strong pulling forces, and have more collagen than areolar connective tissue
describe dense irregular connective tissue
collagen fibers are thick and irregularly arranged, contains some elastic fibers and fibroblasts
function of dense irregular connective tissue
w/stands tension, and provides structural strength
where in the body is dense irregular connective tissue located
dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous capsules of joints, and capsulessurroundsng organs (kidneys, bone, lymph nodes)
describe dense regular connective tissue
collagen fibers parallel to direction of pull, fibroblasts located b/t collagen fibers, tensile strength, poorly vascularized, forms fascia
function of dense regular connective tissue
attaches: muscle to bone, bone to bone, w/stands great stress in one direction
where in the body is dense regular connective tissue found
tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, fascia around muscles
describe elastic connective tissue
elastic fibers predominate
function of elastic connective tissue
allows recoil after stretching
where in the body is elastic connective tissue located
w/in walls of arteries, in certain ligaments, and surrounding bronchial tubes
what are some properties all types of cartilage share
firm, flexible tissue, no blood vessels/nerves, matrix up to 80% water, cells: chondrocyte and chondroblasts
describe byline cartilage
glassy look, chondroblasts produce matrix, chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells) lie w/in lacunae
function of hyaline cartilage
supports, reinforces, resilient cushion, resists repetitive stress
where in the body is hyaline cartilage found
fetal skeleton, ends of long bones, costal cartilage of ribs, cartilages of nose, trachea, and larynx
describe elastic cartilage
similar to hyaline cartilage, more elastic fibers in matrix
function of elastic cartilage
maintains shape of structure, allows great flexibility
where in the body is elastic cartilage located
supports external ear, and epiglottis
describe fibrocartilage
matrix similar but less firm than hyaline cartilage, thick collagen fibers predominate
function of fibrocartilage
tensile strength and ability to absorb compressive shock
where in the body is fibrocartilage located
intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and discs of knee joint
describe bone tissue
bone matrix contains inorganic calcium salts, abundance of collagen fibers, osteocytes in lacunae
function of bone tissue
supports/protects organs, provides levers and attachment site for muscles, stores calcium and mother minerals, stores fat, marrow site for blood cell formation
describe blood tissue
atypical connective tissue, develops from mesenchyme, consists of cells surrounded by nonliving matrix, RBC and WBC in fled matrix
function of blood tissue
transport or respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes
where in the body is blood tissue located
w/in blood vessels
list 3 types of lining membranes
cutaneous membrane, mucous membranes, and serous membrane
cutaneous membrane
skin
what does mesothelium line
close cavities like pleural cavity, peritoneal cavity, pericardial cavity
what are muscle cells called
muscle fibers
what do myofilaments contain
actin and myosin
what are 3 type of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue
describe skeletal muscle tissue
long, cylindrical cells, multinucleate, and striations
function of skeletal muscle tissue
voluntary movement, manipulation of environment, facial expression
where are skeletal muscle muscles located
attach to bones (occasionally to skin)
describe cardiac muscle tissue
branching cell, striated, generally uninucleate, cells interdigitate at intercalated discs
function of cardiac muscle tissue
contracts to propel blood into circulatory system
describe smooth muscle tissue
spindle-shaped cells w/ central nuclei, arranged closely to form sheets, no striations
function of smooth muscle tissue
propels substances along internal passageways, and involuntary control
where is smooth muscle tissue located
mostly walls of hollow organs
describe nervous tissue
main components are brain, final cord, and nerves
what two types of cells that are found in nervous tissue
neurons and neuroglia
function of nervous tissue
transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors
inflammatory response
non-specific, local response, limits damage to injury site
immune response
takes longer to develop and very specific, destroys particular microorganisms at site of infection
edema
accumulation of fluid
what is the purpose of edema
helps dilute toxins secreted by bacteria, brings oxygen and nutrients from blood, brings antibodies of blood to fight infection
regeneration
replacement of destroyed tissue with same type of tissue
fibrosis
proliferation of scar tissue
what types of tissue have a good to excellent change of regeneration
epithelial tissue, bone, areolar, dense irregular, and blood-forming connective tissue
what types of tissue have a moderate change for regeneration
smooth muscle, dense regular connective tissue
what types of tissue have a weak capacity for regeneration
skeletal and cartilage
which types of tissue have none or almost no change of regeneration
cardiac, and nervous tissue
