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Anatomy > E5 Ch. 24 > Flashcards

E5 Ch. 24 Flashcards

1
Q

list the important functions of the kidneys

A

maintain chemical consistency of blood, filter fluid from blood, send toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess water out of body

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2
Q

list the 3 nitrogenous waste products that the kidney send out of the body

A

urea, uric acid, creatinine

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3
Q

list the organs of the urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

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4
Q

where are the kidneys located

A

retroperitoneally (behind peritoneum), lateral to T12-L3 vertebrae

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5
Q

what is the hilum

A

concave surface where vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney

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6
Q

what is the fibrous capsule of the kidney made of and its purpose

A

capsule of dense connective tissue surrounding kidney that inhibits spread of infections

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7
Q

where is the perirenal fat capsule located

A

external to renal capsule of the kidney

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8
Q

where is the renal fascia located and what does it contain

A

external to perirenal fat capsule; contains fat

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9
Q

describe the renal cortex

A

superficial region, granular appearance

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10
Q

what does the renal medulla consist of

A

cone-shaped renal pyramids

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11
Q

describe the renal plexus

A

network of autonomic fibers, offshoot of celiac plexus, supplied by sympathetic fibers from lowest thoracic splanchnic nerve and 1st lumbar splanchnic nerve

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12
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron; over 1 million in each kidney

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13
Q

what are the mechanisms of urine production

A

filtration, resorption, and secretion

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14
Q

filtration

A

filtrate of blood leaves kidney capillaries

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15
Q

resorption

A

most nutrients, water, and essential ions reclaimed

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16
Q

secretion

A

active process of removing undesirable molecules

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17
Q

what is the nephron composed of

A

renal tubule and renal corpuscle

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18
Q

what is the renal corpuscle

A

first part of nephron

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19
Q

what is a glomerulus

A

tuft of fenestrated capillaries

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20
Q

what type of tissue is found in the parietal layer of the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

A

simple squamous epi.

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21
Q

what does the visceral layer of the glomerular (bowman’s) capsule consist of

A

podocytes

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22
Q

what is the filtration membrane

A

filter that lies b/t blood in the glomerulus and capsular space

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23
Q

what are the 3 layers that make up the filtration membrane

A
  1. fenestrated endothelium of the capillary
  2. filtration slits b/t foot processes of podocytes
  3. basement membrane
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24
Q

what do the basement membrane and slit diaphragm hold back and allow passage of

A

hold back most proteins, allow passage of water, ions, glucose, amino acids, and urea

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25
Q

function of collecting ducts

A

receive urine from several nephrons, play important role in conserving body fluids

26
Q

where is ADH secreted and what does it do

A

secreted from posterior pituitary; increases permeability of collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules to water

27
Q

list the different classes of nephrons

A

cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

28
Q

what percentage of nephrons are cortical nephrons

A

85%

29
Q

what percentage of nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons and what do they contribute to

A

15%; contribute to kidney’s ability to concentrate urine

30
Q

what 2 capillary beds are nephrons closely associated w/

A

glomeruli, peritubular capillaries in cortical nephrons or vasa recta in juxtamedullary nephrons

31
Q

what does the glomeruli produce

A

filtrate that becomes urine

32
Q

how much fluid is generated by glomeruli

A

1 liter of fluid every 8 minutes, 99% of which is resorbed by tubules

33
Q

where do peritubular capillaries arise from

A

efferent arterioles draining cortical glomeruli

34
Q

what are peritubular capillaries adapted for

A

absorption; low-pressure, porous capillaries, all molecules secreted by nephrons into urine are from peritubular capillaries

35
Q

where does the vasa recta continue from

A

efferent arteriles of juxtamedullary nephrons

36
Q

what is the vasa recta

A

thin-walled looping vessels descending into medulla, part of kidneys urine concentrating mechanism

37
Q

what is the juxtaglomerular complex

A

an area of specialized contact b/t terminal end of the ascending limb and afferent arteriole that functions in regulating BP

38
Q

what are granular cells

A

modified smooth muscle cells w/ secretory granules

39
Q

what type of hormone do granular cells contain and what is that hormones function

A

the hormone renin; secreted in response to falling BP in afferent arteriole

40
Q

what is the macula densa and its function

A

tall, closely packed epi cells adjacent to granular cells found at the end of nephron loop; monitor solute concentration in filtrate, signal granular cells to secrete renin, initiates renin-angiotensin mechanism

41
Q

where are mesangial cell located and its function

A

located around base of glomerulus; regulate blood flow w/in glomerulus

42
Q

function of extraglomerular mesangial cells

A

interact w/ macula densa and granular cells to help regulate BP

43
Q

what type of tissue is found in the mucosa of the ureter

A

transitional epi

44
Q

describe the muscularis found in the ureters

A

2 layers: inner longitudinal and outer circular layers

45
Q

what is the outermost layer of the ureter

A

adventitia- typical connective tissue

46
Q

where are does the urinary bladder occupy when its full and when its empty

A

full- spherical; expands into abdominal cavity

empty- lies entirely w/in pelvis

47
Q

what is the urachus

A

closed remnant of the allantois

48
Q

list and describe the 3 layers of the urinary bladder

A
  1. mucosa- transitional epi
  2. thick muscular layer-detrusor
  3. fibrous adventitia
49
Q

what type of tissue is found in the urethra

A 
Proximal end-transitional epi. near bladder
mid urethra (in males)- stratified and pseudostratified columnar 
distal end (near urethral opening)- strarified squamous epi.
50
Q

describe the internal and external urethral sphincters

A

internal- involuntary smooth muscle

external- voluntarily inhibits urination, relaxes when one urinates

51
Q

what are the differences in urethra length b/t males and females

A

females- 3-4 cm

males- 20 cm

52
Q

what are the 3 named regions of the male urethra

A

prostatic, intermediate part, and spongy (penile) urethra

53
Q

where does the prostatic urethra pass though

A

prostate gland

54
Q

where does the intermediate part of urethra pass though

A

urogenital diaphragm

55
Q

where does the spongy (penile) urethra pass through

A

through the length of the penis

56
Q

urinary tract infections

A

burning sensation during micturition; more common in females

57
Q

renal calculi

A

kidney stones

58
Q

what percentage of cancer are bladder cancer and who are the more common among

A

3%; more common in men

59
Q

where does kidney cancer arise from

A

epithelial cells of uriniferous tubules

60
Q

name the 3 pairs of kidneys the embryo develops

A

pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros

61
Q

which of the 3 paris of kidneys developed by the embryo goes on to become the adult kidneys

A

metanephros, produce urine by fetal month 3, contribute to volume of amniotic fluid

Anatomy (20 decks)

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