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Anatomy > E3 Ch. 15 > Flashcards

E3 Ch. 15 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the ANS and what does it innervate

A

a system of motor neurons, is the general visceral division of PNS, innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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2
Q

what visceral functions does the ANA regulate

A

HR, BP, digestion, and urination

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3
Q

what two chain of motor neurons does the ANS have

A

preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron

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4
Q

why is conduction slower in the ANS vs the somatic NS

A

axons are thinly myelinated/non-myelinated, and motor neuron synapses in a ganglion

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5
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the NS work together to cause what types of effects

A

opposite

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6
Q

during extreme situations (i.e. fear, rage, exercise, etc.) ___ division mobilizes the body, AKA “fight or flight”

A

sympathetic

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7
Q

___ division controls routine maintenance functions

A

parasympathetic

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8
Q

what are some changes that happen to the body during extreme situations where the sympathetic division is initiated

A

increased HR, breathing rate, increased blood/oxygen to skeletal muscles, vasoconstriction of other blood vessels, dilate pupils and bronchioles, and inhibit motility of digestive and urinary tracts

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9
Q

when is the parasympathetic division active

A

when body is at rest

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10
Q

which does the thoracolumbsr division and craniosacral division belong to

A

thoracolumbar= sympathetic

craniosacral= parasympathetic

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11
Q

compare the length of postganglionic fibers b/t sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A

sympathetic-long

parasympathetic- short

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12
Q

compre the branching of fibers b/t sympathetic fiber and parasympathetic fibers

A

sympathetic fibers- highly branched (influence many organs at once)

parasympathetic fibers-few branches (localized effect)

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13
Q

compare the types of neurotransmitters released by postganglionic axons b/t the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

A

sympathetic- norepinephrine (adrenergic)

parasympathetic- acetylcholine (cholinergic)

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14
Q

where does the cranial outflow of the parasympathetic division originate and what does it innervate

A

originates from brain, innervates organs of head, neck, thorax, and abdomen

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15
Q

what does the sacral outflow of the parasympathetic division innervate

A

remaining abdominal and pelvic organs

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16
Q

preganglionic fibers from the cranial outflow run via which set of nerves

A

oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X)

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17
Q

what do the parasympathetic fibers innervate, where are preganglinic and postganglionic cell bodies locateed in the oculomotor nerve

A

parasympathetic fibers innervate smooth muscles in eye (pupil constriction)

preganglionic cell bodies located in oculomotor nucleus in midbrain

postganglionc cell bodies lie in ciliary ganglion

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18
Q

facial nerve; what do parasympathetic fibers stimulate, lacrimal nucleus location, and superior salivatory nucleus location

A

parasympathetic fibers stimulate secretion of glands in head

lacrimal nucleus located in pons, synapse in pterygopalatine ganglion

superior salivatory nucleus located in pons, synapes in submandibular ganglion

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19
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve; parasympatheic fibers stimulate, lacrimal nucleus location, areas of synapse

A

stimulate secretion of glands in head

lacrimal nucleus located in pons

synapse in pterygopalatine ganglion, and submandibular ganglion

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20
Q

what doe the outflow via the vagus nerve innervate

A

visceral organs of thorax and most of the abdomen

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21
Q

what does outflow via the vagus nerve stimulate

A

digestion, reduction in HR, and BP

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22
Q

where are the preganglionic cell bodies of outflow via the vagus nerve located

A

dorsal motor nucleus in medulla

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23
Q

where are postganglionic neurons of outflow via the vagus nerve located

A

confined w/in walls of organs being innervated, cell bodies form intramural ganglia

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24
Q

vagus nerves send branches though what plesuses?

A

autonomic nerve plexuses (cardiac, pulmonary, esophageal, celiac, and superior mesenteric plesuses)

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25
Q

where does sacral outflow emerge, and innervate

A

emerges from S2-S4, innervates organs of pelvis and lower abdomen

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26
Q

where are the preganglionic cell bodies of sacral outflow located

A

in visceral motor region of spinal gray matter

27
Q

how do axons run in sacral outflow run, what do they form and run through

A

axons run in ventral roots to ventral rami, form pelvic splanchnic nerves, and run through inferior hypogastric plexus

28
Q

what doe the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division form

A

lateral gray horn

29
Q

what does the sympathetic division supply

A

visceral organs in internal body cavities and structures of superficial body regions

30
Q

where are sympathetic trunk ganglia located, linked by, and other names

A

located on both sides of vertebral column, linked by short nerves into sympathetic trunks, AKA chain ganglia and paravertebral ganglia

31
Q

sympathetic trunk ganglia are jointed to what by what

A

joined to ventral rami by white and gray rami communicantes

32
Q

how does collateral ganglia differ from sympathetic trunk ganglia

A
  1. unpaired, not segmentally arranged
  2. occurs only in abdomen/pelvis
  3. lie anterior to vertebral column
33
Q

name the main ganglia of collateral ganglia

A

celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and inferior hypogastric ganglia

34
Q

preganglionic neurons in the thoracolumbar spinal cord of the sympathetic division send motor axons though

A

adjacent ventral root into spinal nerve, then white ramus communicans and to the associated sympthetic trunk ganglion

35
Q

what are the 3 pathways that preganglionic axons of the sympathetic division follow

A
  1. synapses w/ postganglionic neuron at same level it exits
  2. axons ascends/descends in sympathetic trunk to synapse in another ganglion
  3. axon passes though sympathetic trunk and exits on splanchnic nerve
36
Q

what does the gray rami contain

A

only postganglionic fibers traveling to peripheral structures, fibers nonmyelinated

37
Q

what does the white rami contain

A

preganglionic fibers traveling to sympathetic trunk ganglia, fibers are myelinated

38
Q

where do preganglionic fibers of sympathetic pathways to the head originate

A

in spinal cord at T1-T4, fibers ascend in sympathetic trunk, synapse in superior cervical ganglion

39
Q

pathways to the head postganglionic fibers associated with large arteries carried to what structures

A

glands, smooth muscle, and vessels throughout the head

40
Q

pathways to thoracic organs preganglionic fibers originate from

A

spinal levels T1-T6, synapse in nearest sympathetic trunk ganglion

41
Q

pathway to thoracic organs postganglionic fibers run where

A

directly to organ supplied

42
Q

function of sympathetic fibers to throracic organs

A

increase HR, dialte bronchioles, dilate blood vessels to heart wall, inhibit muscles and glands in the esophagus and digestive system

43
Q

describe the pathway of somatic motor innervation

A
  1. cell body located in ventral horn of gray matter

2. long axon extends from ventral root- innervate skeletal muscle cell

44
Q

describe the pathway of sympathetic division of ANS innervation

A
  1. cell body of preganglionic neurons located @lateral horn of gray matter (T1-L2)
  2. preganglionic axon synapse w/ postganglioic neuron @peripheral ganglion
  3. long postganglionic axon from peripheral ganglion to target organ
  4. same time preganglionic axons emrege T8-L1 to innervate adrenal medulla, release epinephrine and noreepinIIephrine into surrounding capillaries
45
Q

describe the pathway of parasympathetic division of ANS innervation

A
  1. cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located @gray matter of brain stem (CN III, VII, IX, X) and sacral region (S2-S4)
  2. preganglionic axon synapse w/ postganglionic neuron close/w/in target organ
  3. short postganglionic axon innervates target organ
46
Q

preganglionic fibers in the pathway to abdominal organs originate where

A

T5-L2

47
Q

preganglionic fibers in the pathway to the pelvic organs originate where

A

T10-L2

48
Q

what is the role of the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic division

A

major organ, constitutes largest sympathetic ganglia, secrete noreepinephrine and epinephrine

49
Q

what types of sensations do general visceral sensory neurons monitor w/in visceral organs

A

stretch, tempt, chemical changes, irritation

50
Q

where are the cell bodies of general visceral sensory neurons located

A

dorsal root ganglion

51
Q

no pain results when visceral organs are cut so when does visceral pain result

A

from chemical irritation or inflammation, often perceived to be of somatic origin

52
Q

what participates in visceral reflex arcs

A

visceral sensory and autonomic neurons, some simple spinal reflexes, others don’t involve CNS (strictly peripheral reflexes)

53
Q

what type of control is ANS under

A

not under direct voluntary control

54
Q

what activities are regulated by CNS

A

brain stem, spinal cord, hypothalamus, amygdaloid body, and cerebral cortex

55
Q

main integration center of the ANS

A

hypothalamus

56
Q

function of the medial and anterior parts of the hypothalamus

A

direct parasympathetic functions

57
Q

function of the lateral and posterior parts of the hypothalamus

A

direct sympathetic functions

58
Q

amygdaloid body

A

main limbic region for emotions

59
Q

raynaud’s disease

A

characterized by constriction of blood vessels, provoked by exposure to cold or by emotional stress

60
Q

achalasia of the cardia

A

defect in the autonomic innervation of the esophagus

61
Q

congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung’s disease)

A

birth defect, parasympathetic innervation of distal large intestine fails to develop correctly, feces/gas accumulate proximal to defect

62
Q

where do the preganglionic neurons of the ANS develop from

A

neural tube

63
Q

where do postganglionic neurons develop from

A

neural crest

Anatomy (20 decks)

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