DNA Flashcards
What are the four main types of DNA
Adenine + Thymine (A+T)
Cytosine + Guanine (C+G)
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
What is a Polymer
A molecule made out of repeating unit of monomers
What actually is DNA?
A polymer used for making chromosomes made up of genes
What are Genes
Portions or Sequences of DNA that code specific proteins
What is a chromosome
Its a tighly coiled, compact DNA
What is one side of DNA made off?
A phosphate group, A deoxyribose sugar, a base, and a hydrogen bond
What is a genome?
A genome is the entire genetic material of that organism
What is protein synthesis
It is the process by which the genetic code from the DNA is used as a template to create protein molecules.
How many different amino acids do we have in our body?
20
What is mRNA?
a messanger RNA
What is transcription?
A process where, the RNA polymerase breaks the hydrogen bonds. This exposes genetic code and then creates a mRNA, which uses the gene’s bases.(T turns to U)
What is Translation?
Where the ribosome attaches to the mRNA and pairs the bases from mRNA with the codons.
What is thymine replaced with and why?
It is replaces by uracil, U, because thymine is weak and denatures outside the nucleas.
What are some physical and chemical defences on a plant
Cell wall, cuticles
Toxins, antibacterial chemicals
How do white blood cells detect pathogens
Pathogens have unique antigens on there surface which can be used to detect them
What do memory lymphocytes do
they make the body immune to a certain pathogen, White blood cells stay in blood stream allowing for quicker and more effective responses
What is screening
Testing a whole category of people for a disease
What are some ways an organism can adapt
Natural selection, Variation, Changes in environment, Inheritance, mutation and evolution
What is selective breeding
Taking certain characteristics from one crop/animals and breeding it with another animal/crop with another useful characteristic
Where are genes found
Chromosomes
What is the role of genes
Code for a particular sequence of amino acids, to make a specific protein.
How can DNA be extracted from fruit
Method
Put the strawberry into the plastic bag, seal it and crush for about 2 minutes.
In a beaker mix together 10 cm3 of washing up liquid, 1 g of salt and 100 cm3 water. This mixture will break down cell membranes and release the DNA.
Add 10 cm3 of the extraction liquid to the bag with the strawberry mix together for 1 minute.
Filter the strawberry mixture.
Pour 10 cm3 of ice-cold 90% ethanol down the side of the beaker into the strawberry mixture, do not mix or stir. The DNA will separate out into this layer.
What is the difference between genes and alleles
Genes are DNA sections that code for specific proteins. Alleles, however, are variations of these genes, leading to diverse traits such as eye colour.
What is the definition for evolution
Evolution is a change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through the process of natural selection, which may result in the formation of new species.
Recall the names of the scientists who first developed the idea of evolution by natural selection.
Charles Darwin & Alfred Russel Wallace.
What is biological control
Biological control is the use of living organisms to suppress pest populations, making them less damaging than they would otherwise be.
