Disease Flashcards
What is Disease
a problem with a structure or process in the body that is not caused by an injury
what is health
a state of complete/uncomplete physical, social and mental wellbeing
What is a pathogen
A microorganism that can cause diseases
What is Deficiency in diet
Lack of a certain nutrient, mineral, or vitamin
What is malnutrition
Getting the wrong quality/quantity of nutrients
What is obesity
Condition where large amounts of fat are under the skin and around internal organs
What is Cardio Vascular disease
It is where fat is deposited around the heart and in arteries
What are the two ways of testing for obesity
Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist to Hip Ratio
What is a stroke
A condition caused by reduced or blocked blood flow to a certain area of the brain
What is a stent
A stent is a mesh tube that is surgically put into arteries to keep them open
What is a epidemic
When many people over a large area are infected with the same pathogen at the same time
What is the immune system
It is a complex system that defends the body against pathogens that breach the defence barrieres.
What is an Antigen
A specific molecule on the outside of every pathogen, it is used by the immune system to identify it.
What are antibiotics
Substances that kill or stop the cell processes of pathogens
What does resistant mean
Something isn’t effected
What are the two types of Antibiotics
Bactericide (Kills) and Bacteriostatic (Stops)
What is Antibiotic resistance
It is where bacteria has immunity to an antibiotic, they are not effected by it
What is an antibiotic
It is a substance that kill or stop their cell process
What are the stages of drug development
Screening for potential drugs
Preclinical trials
Clinical trials
Approved by medical agency
What are placebos
A substance that appears like the real drug but does not have any effect
What is a blind trial
were the perticipants don’t know which one is the placebo and which one is the real drug
What are monoclonal antibodies
Antibodies are clones from one parent cell which are specific to one antigen
What are myeloma cells
Type of tumour
What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies
Detection of pathogens, pregnancy tests, cancer treatment…
What do pregnancy tests test for
hCG in urine
What is cholera
Disease spread by water, symptons being diarrhoea and vomitting
What is tuberculosis
Air born bacteria which causes lung damage, coughing and wheezing
What is chalara ash dieback
Airoborn disease which effects ash trees, caused by fungus, causes tree to die
What is Malaria
Spread by mosquito vectors, with flu like syptoms
What is Ebola
caused by Ebola virus, spread by contact with body fluids, blood semen, sweat… symptoms- fever diarrhoea
How do viruses cause disease
They enter host cells replicate inside of them, then they rupture exposing new cells
How do viruses differ from other microorganisms
They are not living organisms
How do viruses reproduce
Lytic pathway
Lysogenic pathway
What is chlamydia
Caused by sexual contact, may result in infertility
What are the four types of pathogen?
Bacteria (single cell no nucleus), Protists (single cell, nucleus), Fungi, Virus (not a cell)
What is Chlara Die Ashback
A fungal disease spread through the air, plants
What is malaria
A protist disease spread by vectors (mosquitos)
What is HIV
virus spread by bodily fluids
What is a virus made of
Genetic material like DNA, and capsid, no ribosomes or anything like that
What is the Lytic pathway
Virus inserts genetic material into cell, new cell begins reproducing, new cell lyses (explodes)
What is the Lysogenic pathway
Virus genetic material becomes part of new cell DNA, gets replicated as cells divided
Describe how cancer develops in the liver
Mutations in DNA cause cell division to be uncontrolled leading to the formation of a tumour
Explain why people with AIDS are more susceptible to TB
HIV destroys white blood cells which weakens the immune system which allows for the pathogen to more easily enter the body
How does a vaccination work
Dead form of the pathogen enters the body which results in white blood cells producing antibodies which are complementary to the antigens on the pathogen, then, white blood cells will engulf the pathogen, and will make the person immune due to the memory lymphocytes left in the blood stream
How are monoclonal antibodies formed
An antigen is injected into a mouse
The mouse naturally produces lymphocytes, which produce antibodies specific to the antigen
Spleen cells which produce the lymphocytes are removed during a small operation
The spleen cells are fused with human cancerous white blood cells called
myeloma cells
to form
hybridoma cells
which divide indefinitely
These hybridoma cells divide and produce millions of monoclonal antibodies specific to the original antigen
How do pregnancy tests work
Monoclonal antibodies bind to HCG
MA are on the test stick which is put in urine, if HCG is present, the MA will bind causing a colour change
Describe the stages of antibiotic development that would occur after the
discovery of a new antibiotic
the antibiotic would go through
a development phase (1)
* pre-clinical (stage / trials) (1)
* testing on animals / testing invitro / on cells (1)
* clinical (stage / trials) (1)
* testing on (healthy) volunteers /
testing on patients (1)
* double-blind trials (1)
