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Dm Flashcards

1
Q

Mention diabetes, the latest classic symptoms, and labs criteria

A

RBG more than 200 mg per dj
Fasting blood sugar, more than 126 mg per this litter
Two hours post prandial more than 200
HEP A1c >= 6.5

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2
Q

Mention the laps of pre diabetes

A
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3
Q

Causes of type one diabetes mellitus

A

Genetic environmental autoimmune, destroying beta cells
Islet cell antibody ICA
Antibodies against in IAA
Glutamic acid decarboxylase gad
Protein, tyrosine phosphate Se Ia2 ica512
Down ,turner

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4
Q

Indication of insulin and diabetes, Me

A

Type one
Patient who filled order therapy
DKAHNS
Pregnancy

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5
Q

Mention treatment of type 1 diabetes

A

Insulin
Healthy lifestyle

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6
Q

What are the classical symptoms of diabetes mellitus and what is the first presentation that may be for type 1 diabetes and type two?

A

Polyuria Polyphia Polyphia polydipsia polyphagia
Weight loss
Fatigue
Glucosuria
DKA if type 1
Hns if type 2

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7
Q

Complication of insulin

A

Hypoglycemia
Allergy
Fat atrophy more than animal insulin
Fat hypertrophy more in human insulin
Insulin resistance

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8
Q

Mention acute complications of diabetes abilities

A

Hypoglycemia
DKA
HHNS
Lactic acidosis

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9
Q

Mention chronic complications of the diabetes mellitus

A

Diabetic foot
Diabetic nephropathy neuropathy
Retinopathy
Hypertension
Atherosclerosis

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10
Q

Mention, hypoglycemic, symptoms, and treatment

A

Cold sweating, tremors, tachycardia
, Convulsions coma, cognitive impairment
If conscious sugary fluids
If not IV glucose 25 to 50 ml 50%

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11
Q

Picture of DKA

A
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12
Q

What is the management of DKA and the complication of the treatment?

A
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13
Q

How to detect hypokalemia by ECG

A

Flat wave t

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14
Q

Do we give sodium bicarbonate indicate?

A

No

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15
Q

Hhns criteria for diagnosis

A

Severe hyperglycemia more than 600
Severe dehydration more than 9 to 12 L loss
Severe plasma molarity
More than 320
No ketone bodies

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16
Q

Mention lactic acid causes and the treatment

A

Metmorfin
Sodium bicarbonate

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17
Q

Mention complications of HNSS

A

Hemoconcentration
Mi

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18
Q

Mention treatment of HHNS

A
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19
Q

Which is more dangerous HHNS or DKA and which group it happens more

A

Hhns in type 2

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20
Q

Difference in timing between hypoglycemia , dka

A

Hypo within minutes
Dka gradual

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21
Q

Mention microvasvular and macrovascular comp

A

Micro vascular retinopathy nephropathy neuropathy
Macro cvs cerbro pvd

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22
Q

Diabetic retinopathy more in , risk factors , ttt , proleferative changes characteristics

A
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23
Q

Major cause of death in dm

A

Atherosclerosis

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24
Q

Risk factors for dm to produce atherosclerosis

A

Dyslipdemia , htn

25
Q

Densser ldl in type

A

2

26
Q

Causes of charcot foot

A
27
Q

Site for ischmeic lesion in charcot foot

A

Foot sides and toes

28
Q

Ttt for charoct foot

A

Orthopedically fitted shoes

29
Q

Difference between stages of diabetic nephropathy and ttt according to gfr albumin bpm histology

A
30
Q

Generalized symmetric polyneuropathy

A

Acute sensory neuropathy
Chronic sensory motor
Autunomic

31
Q

Focal and multifocal nueropatgies

A

Mono neuropayhty
Radiculopathy
Proximal motor neuropathy (diabetic amyotrophy)

32
Q

Mention systems affected by autuonmiv neuropathy

A
33
Q

Most common form of diabetic neuropathy

A

Distal sensiromotor

34
Q

Mentiod distal sensrimotor neuropathy characters
Acute sensory
Femoral neuropathy

A
35
Q

Whipple triad

A
36
Q

Motor momo neuropathy

A

Foot drop
Cn 3 6 4

37
Q

Mention diabetic skin comp

A

Diabetic dermatopathy , pigmented peritibial papules , acanthosis agricans

38
Q

Difference between dawn and somogyi phenomenon

A
39
Q

Causes of secondary diabetes

A

Cushing
Acromegaly
Chronic pancreatitis
Gluconoma

40
Q

Risk factors for both types of diabetes

A

Hla 1
Both family

41
Q

Mention acarbose side effects

A

Gaseous distension

42
Q

Dpp4 inhibtor

A

Simaglutide
block degradation of glp 1 so inc insulin
Glp-1 inc insulin dec glucagon

43
Q

Alpha glucosidase

A

Dec intestinal cho metabolism

44
Q

Glinides repaglinid

A

Inc insulin

45
Q

Thiazolidindiones
Pioglitzone

A

Inc insulin sensitivty in adipose tissue and muscle
Se ; weight gain , hepatotoxicity , fluid retention, chf , bone fracture

46
Q

Sulfonylurea (zide , pride)

A

Inc insulin sec ,
Se ;hypoglycemia , weight gain

47
Q

Metmorfin

A
48
Q

Metmorfin

A
49
Q

Other types of dm

A

Other specific types of diabetes
Monogenic Diabetes (MODY)
Endocrinopathies: Cushing’s syndrome, acromegaly
Disease of exocrine pancreas: panceatitis, cystic fibrosis,
Hemochromatosis
Drug induced: glucocorticoids
➢ Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): 24–28 weeks of gestation

50
Q

Difff in onset between type 1 , 2

A

1 sudden
2 gradual

51
Q

Relatio between insulin and lipids

A

insulin decrease, lipolysis and fatty acid release increase.

52
Q

Relation between insulin and protein

A

insulin decrease, protein degradation occur to supply amino acids to the
liver for transformation into glucose

53
Q

Relation between insulin and liver

A

as insulin decrease, gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis increase

54
Q

Tight control for dm is not for

A

Children
Eldrely
End stage kidney

55
Q

Glycemic goals:
Recommended glycemic goal for many nonpregnant diabetic
adults without significant hypoglycaemia:

A

HbA1c < 7 % .
➢ Preprandial capillary plasma glucose : 80 - 130 mg/dL.
➢ Peak postprandial capillary plasma glucose < 180 mg/dL.

56
Q

Testing should be done in overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) adults
With one or more of the following risk factors

A

First-degree relative with diabetes
• High-risk race/ethnicity (e.g., African American, Latino)
• History of CVD
• Hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg or on therapy for hypertension)
• W omen with PCO
• Physical inactivity
• Patients with prediabetes (A1C ≥5.7% ,IGT, or IFG)tested yearly
• Women who were with GDM tested at least / 3 years
• For all others, testing should begin at age 45 years/3 yrs

57
Q

75-g OGTT timig and values

A

Should be performed in the morning after an
overnight fast of at least 8 h.
International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) and American Diabetes
Association
Fasting ≥92 mg/dL (5.1 mmol/L)
OR
One hour ≥180 mg/dL (10.0 mmol/L)
OR
Two hour ≥153 mg/dL (8.5 mmol/

58
Q

Type 2 diabetes:
a) Is caused by a reduction of beta cells
b)Is associated with decreased fasting glucose levels
c) Involves an overabundance of insulin
d) May involve insulin resistance

A

D

Im (28 decks)

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